热带－亚热带森林中猕猴的食性

采用跟踪观察法对热带－亚热带森林中的猕猴种群的食性及其与植被类型的关系进行了调查,结果表明,猕猴主要选择季雨林或次生季雨林为其觅食场所,栖息地植物的地理分布和种类直接影响其食性,猕猴对植物各部位的采食频度随植物生长期而变化．     

双酚A对萼花臂尾轮虫毒性及生活史的影响

应用生态毒理学研究方法,研究了双酚A(BPA)对萼花臂尾轮虫毒性及生活史影响。结果表明:BPA对萼花臂尾轮虫24 h急性毒性LC₅₀为13.76 mg/L,95%置信限为10.97-17.10 mg/L。生活史研究显示:与对照组相比,0.25-4.0 mg/L的BPA对轮虫胚胎发育历时影响不显著;2.0-4.0 mg/L的BPA显著延迟了轮虫幼体发育时间;当BPA为0.5 mg/L时,轮虫净生殖率(R₀)显著上升,但BPA浓度为2.0和4.0 mg/L时R₀显著降低;4.0 mg/L的BPA显著缩短世代时间(T);BPA浓度为2.0、4.0 mg/L时,轮虫生命期望值(e₀)显著下降;BPA浓度为1.0、2.0、4.0 mg/L时,轮虫内禀增长率(r_m)显著下降;BPA浓度为0.5、1.0 mg/L时轮虫所产后代混交率(MR)显著增长。研究结果表明BPA对轮虫的生殖具有干扰作用,其中R₀和MR受BPA影响最为显著。     

A highly selective colorimetric and long‐wavelength fluorescent probe for the detection of Hg2+

Currently, the fluorescent probe is an important method for detecting heavy metal ions, especially mercury ion (Hg²⁺), which is harmful to the health of humans and the environment due to its toxicity and extensive use. In this paper, we designed and synthesized a colorimetric and long‐wavelength fluorescent probe Hg‐P with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity, which could detect Hg²⁺ by the changes of visual color, fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. With the addition of Hg²⁺ to probe Hg‐P solution, its color changed from yellow to pink, and showed a 171 nm red‐shifted absorption spectrum. Probe Hg‐P was used in real water and soil solution samples to detect Hg²⁺, and the result is satisfactory. Therefore, this new probe shows great value and application in detecting Hg²⁺ in the environment.     

Matrix‐glycoprotein interactions required for budding of a plant nucleorhabdovirus and induction of inner nuclear membrane invagination

Nucleorhabdoviruses such as Sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV) replicate in the nuclei and undergo morphogenesis at the inner nuclear membrane (IM) in plant cells. Mature particles are presumed to form by budding of the Matrix (M) protein‐nucleocapsid complexes through host IMs to acquire host phospholipids and the surface glycoproteins (G). To address mechanisms underlying nucleorhabdovirus budding, we generated recombinant SYNV G mutants containing a truncated amino‐terminal (NT) or carboxyl‐terminal (CT) domain. Electron microscopy and sucrose gradient centrifugation analyses showed that the CT domain is essential for virion morphogenesis whereas the NT domain is also required for efficient budding. SYNV infection induces IM invaginations that are thought to provide membrane sites for virus budding. We found that in the context of viral infections, interactions of the M protein with the CT domain of the membrane‐anchored G protein mediate M protein translocation and IM invagination. Interestingly, tethering the M protein to endomembranes, either by co‐expression with a transmembrane G protein CT domain or by artificial fusion with the G protein membrane targeting sequence, induces IM invagination in uninfected cells. Further evidence to support functions of G‐M interactions in virus budding came from dominant negative effects on SYNV‐induced IM invagination and viral infections that were elicited by expression of a soluble version of the G protein CT domain. Based on these data, we propose that cooperative G‐M interactions promote efficient SYNV budding.     

Novel all-hydrocarbon stapled p110α[E545K] peptides as blockers of the oncogenic p110α[E545K]-IRS1 interaction

To follow up on our recent discovery of the 18-amino acid all-hydrocarbon [i, i?+?4]-stapled p110α[E545K] peptide 1?that was shown to potently block the intracellular p110α[E545K]-IRS1 interaction (a protein-protein interaction uniquely present in cancer cells expressing p110α[E545K]) and the growth of the xenograft tumors formed by cancers harboring this mutation, in the current study we prepared and examined six derivatives of 1, i.e. stapled peptides 2-A, 2-B, 3-A, 3-B, 4-A, 4-B. We found that 2-A, 2-B, 4-A, and 4-B had higher % α-helicity than 1; moreover, the enhanced % α-helicity also led to an enhanced proteolytic stability. When compared with 1, the structurally simplified 14-amino acid 4-A and 4-B were found to more potently deactivate the AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 in the p110α[E545K]-expressing colon cancer cells, whose activation was previously demonstrated by us to be specifically derived from the p110α[E545K]-IRS1 interaction. The preliminary findings from the current study have laid a foundation for future more extensive studies on the stapled p110α[E545K] peptides newly identified in the current study.     

Genetic Determinants of Symptoms on Viral DNA Satellites

Begomovirus-DNA-β disease complexes induce different symptom phenotypes in their hosts. To investigate the genetic determinants of the phenotypic differences, Nicotiana spp. and tomato plants were inoculated with infectious clones of Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV)/TbCSV DNA-β (TbCSB) and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV)/TYLCCNV DNA-β (TYLCCNB) pseudorecombinants and showed that TYLCCNB induced characteristic vein-thickening and enation symptoms, while TbCSB only slightly exacerbated the leaf-curling symptoms, regardless of the helper virus being used. The roles of DNA-β-encoded βC1 and a 430-nucleotide fragment containing the A-rich region and the putative βC1 promoter region of the βC1 gene (referred to as AP) in symptom development were further investigated by constructing hybrid satellites in which the βC1 coding region or AP was exchanged between the two satellite molecules. A TYLCCNB hybrid with TbCSB βC1 lost the ability to elicit the vein-thickening and enation phenotypes. TbCSB hybrids containing the TYLCCNB βC1 or AP fragment failed to induce the characteristic vein thickening and enations. A TYLCCNB hybrid having the TbCSB AP fragment produced the enations, but the number of enations was less and their sizes were reduced. Differently from the phloem-specific pattern of the TYLCCNB promoter, a full-length fragment upstream of the TbCSB βC1 gene confers a constitutive β-glucuronidase expression pattern in transgenic tobacco plants. The above results indicate that the DNA-β-encoded βC1 protein is the symptom determinant, but the promoter of the βC1 gene has influence on symptom production.Geminiviruses are small plant viruses with circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that are encapsidated in unique twinned (geminate) particles. Members of the genus Begomovirus are transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and infect dicotyledonous plants (42). Begomoviruses have either one or two circular ssDNA genomic components (DNA-A and DNA-B). The DNA-A component is capable of autonomous replication and encapsidation, whereas the DNA-B component encodes two proteins (BC1 and BV1) involved in movement (14). Recently, some monopartite begomoviruses have been found in association with a novel satellite DNA molecule, referred to as DNA-β and now known as a betasatellite (2, 5, 20, 22, 38, 45). DNA-β is approximately half the size of the viral genomic DNA, and apart from a nonanucleotide sequence (TAATATTAC), it has little sequence identity with viral genomic DNA. DNA-β depends on the helper virus for replication and encapsidation and, in turn, is required for the induction of bona fide disease symptoms. DNA-β bears a βC1 open reading frame (ORF) on the complementary-sense strand, which is conserved among distinct betasatellites in terms of position and size. Mutational analyses and constitutive expression have shown that βC1 is a strong pathogenicity/symptom determinant (7, 34, 39).Begomovirus-DNA-β disease complexes are associated with a wide range of plant species and induce different sets of symptom phenotypes in their natural hosts (25). However, the contributions of the helper virus and the satellite molecule to symptom development are not clear. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) are monopartite begomoviruses associated with DNA-β, but they differ in the symptom phenotypes induced in Nicotiana spp. and Solanum lycopersicum (7, 22). In the present work, we report that the symptom differences between TYLCCNV/TYLCCNV DNA-β (TYLCCNB) and TbCSV/TbCSV DNA-β (TbCSB) are determined by DNA-β and the DNA-β-encoded βC1 protein is the symptom determinant, but the promoter of the βC1 gene has influence on symptom production.     

Tumour suppressor function of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T

It has long been thought that PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) normally function as tumour suppressors. Recent high-throughput mutational analysis identified loss-of-function mutations in six PTPs in human colon cancers, providing critical cancer genetics evidence that PTPs can act as tumour suppressor genes. PTPRT (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T), a member of the family of type?IIB receptor-like PTPs, is the most frequently mutated PTP among them. Consistent with the notion that PTPRT is a tumour suppressor, PTPRT knockout mice are hypersensitive to AOM (azoxymethane)-induced colon cancer. The present review focuses on the physiological and pathological functions of PTPRT as well as the cellular pathways regulated by this phosphatase.     

渐危树种青梅的迁地保护研究

国家三级保护树种青梅Ｖａｔｉｃａｍａｎｇａｃｈａｐｏｉ原产海南省,在西双版纳热带植物园迁地栽培,树高年平均生长量达０．６１～０．７３ｍ,胸径年平均生长量达０．８２～１．１５ｃｍ,超过原产地野生和其他引种地同龄的植株。花期５～６月,果熟期９～１０月,种子发芽率９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。现已繁衍了３代并扩大种植１８６株,说明青梅在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

How do oncoprotein mutations rewire protein–protein interaction networks?

The acquisition of mutations that activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressors is a primary feature of most cancers. Mutations that directly alter protein sequence and structure drive the development of tumors through aberrant expression and modification of proteins, in many cases directly impacting components of signal transduction pathways and cellular architecture. Cancer-associated mutations may have direct or indirect effects on proteins and their interactions and while the effects of mutations on signaling pathways have been widely studied, how mutations alter underlying protein–protein interaction networks is much less well understood. Systematic mapping of oncoprotein protein interactions using proteomics techniques as well as computational network analyses is revealing how oncoprotein mutations perturb protein–protein interaction networks and drive the cancer phenotype.