山西省异爪蝗属二新种（直翅目：网翅蝗科）

本文记述在晋南地区采到的异爪蝗属二新种,黑条异爪蝗Euchorthippus nigiliineatus sp.nov.及曲线异爪蝗Eochorthippus sinucarinatus sp.nov.     

青海省雏蝗属一新种记述：（直翅目：蝗总科：网翅蝗科）

在整理由青海省采得蝗虫标本时,发现1新种,记述如下。模式标本保存于山东大学生物系。青海雏蝗Chorthippus qinghaiensis,新种(图1—8) 雄:体小型。头部短于前胸背板。头顶平,侧缘明显隆起,顶锐角形。头侧窝狭长方形,长为宽的3.3倍。颜面向后倾斜,颜面隆起纵沟较浅,具刻点,侧缘在中眼处略狭。触角丝状,中段一节长为宽的1.4倍。复眼较小,卵圆形,纵径为横径的1.3倍,     

中国剑螽属四新种记述：直翅目：螽斯总科：蛩螽科

作者在整理陕西师范大学动物研究所标本时,发现剑螽属４新种,即膨基剑螽Ｘｉｐｈｉｄｉｏｐｓｉｓｉｎｆｌａｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．双叶剑螽Ｘ．ｂｉｆｏｌｉａｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．凸顶剑螽Ｘ．ｃｏｎｖｅｘｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及叉尾剑螽Ｘ．ｄｉｖｉｄａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本均存于陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

Neutral Genomic Microevolution of a Recently Emerged Pathogen,Salmonella enterica Serovar Agona

Salmonella enterica serovar Agona has caused multiple food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis since it was first isolated in 1952. We analyzed the genomes of 73 isolates from global sources, comparing five distinct outbreaks with sporadic infections as well as food contamination and the environment. Agona consists of three lineages with minimal mutational diversity: only 846 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have accumulated in the non-repetitive, core genome since Agona evolved in 1932 and subsequently underwent a major population expansion in the 1960s. Homologous recombination with other serovars of S. enterica imported 42 recombinational tracts (360 kb) in 5/143 nodes within the genealogy, which resulted in 3,164 additional SNPs. In contrast to this paucity of genetic diversity, Agona is highly diverse according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which is used to assign isolates to outbreaks. PFGE diversity reflects a highly dynamic accessory genome associated with the gain or loss (indels) of 51 bacteriophages, 10 plasmids, and 6 integrative conjugational elements (ICE/IMEs), but did not correlate uniquely with outbreaks. Unlike the core genome, indels occurred repeatedly in independent nodes (homoplasies), resulting in inaccurate PFGE genealogies. The accessory genome contained only few cargo genes relevant to infection, other than antibiotic resistance. Thus, most of the genetic diversity within this recently emerged pathogen reflects changes in the accessory genome, or is due to recombination, but these changes seemed to reflect neutral processes rather than Darwinian selection. Each outbreak was caused by an independent clade, without universal, outbreak-associated genomic features, and none of the variable genes in the pan-genome seemed to be associated with an ability to cause outbreaks.     

Molecular cloning, characterization, and heterologous expression of a new κ-carrageenase gene from marine bacterium Zobellia sp. ZM-2

κ-Carrageenases exhibit apparent distinctions in gene sequence, molecular weight, enzyme properties, and posttranslational processes. In this study, a new κ-carrageenase gene named cgkZ was cloned from the marine bacterium Zobellia sp. ZM-2. The gene comprised an open reading frame of 1,638 bp and encoded 545 amino acids. The natural signal peptide of κ-carrageenase was used successfully for the secretory production of the recombinant enzyme in Escherichia coli. A posttranslational process that removes an amino acid sequence of about 20 kDa from the C-terminal end of κ-carrageenase was first discovered in E. coli. An increase in enzyme activity by 167.3 % in the presence of 5 mM DTT was discovered, and Na⁺ at a certain concentration range was positively correlated with enzyme activity. The κ-carrageenase production of E. coli was 9.0 times higher than that of ZM-2. These results indicate the potential use of the enzyme in the biotechnological industry.     

中国智麦蛾属二新种记述(鳞翅目：麦蛾科)

智麦蛾属ＳｏｐｈｒｏｎｉａＨüｂｎｅｒ主要分布于欧洲、亚洲和北美,少数分布至南非［１］。全世界已记载２０余种,已知寄主多为菊科Ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔａｅ植物。Ｅ．Ｍｅｙｒｉｃｋ（１９３６）报道Ｓｏｐｈｒｏ－ｎｉａｉｌｕｓｔｒｅｌａ（Ｈüｂｎｅｒ,１７９６）...     

The Role of China in the Global Spread of the Current Cholera Pandemic

Epidemics and pandemics of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease, have occurred since the early 19th century and waves of epidemic disease continue today. Cholera epidemics are caused by individual, genetically monomorphic lineages of Vibrio cholerae: the ongoing seventh pandemic, which has spread globally since 1961, is associated with lineage L2 of biotype El Tor. Previous genomic studies of the epidemiology of the seventh pandemic identified three successive sub-lineages within L2, designated waves 1 to 3, which spread globally from the Bay of Bengal on multiple occasions. However, these studies did not include samples from China, which also experienced multiple epidemics of cholera in recent decades. We sequenced the genomes of 71 strains isolated in China between 1961 and 2010, as well as eight from other sources, and compared them with 181 published genomes. The results indicated that outbreaks in China between 1960 and 1990 were associated with wave 1 whereas later outbreaks were associated with wave 2. However, the previously defined waves overlapped temporally, and are an inadequate representation of the shape of the global genealogy. We therefore suggest replacing them by a series of tightly delineated clades. Between 1960 and 1990 multiple such clades were imported into China, underwent further microevolution there and then spread to other countries. China was thus both a sink and source during the pandemic spread of V. cholerae, and needs to be included in reconstructions of the global patterns of spread of cholera.     

Rates of mutation and host transmission for an Escherichia coli clone over 3 years

Although over 50 complete Escherichia coli/Shigella genome sequences are available, it is only for closely related strains, for example the O55:H7 and O157:H7 clones of E. coli, that we can assign differences to individual evolutionary events along specific lineages. Here we sequence the genomes of 14 isolates of a uropathogenic E. coli clone that persisted for 3 years within a household, including a dog, causing a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the dog after 2 years. The 20 mutations observed fit a single tree that allows us to estimate the mutation rate to be about 1.1 per genome per year, with minimal evidence for adaptive change, including in relation to the UTI episode. The host data also imply at least 6 host transfer events over the 3 years, with 2 lineages present over much of that period. To our knowledge, these are the first direct measurements for a clone in a well-defined host community that includes rates of mutation and host transmission. There is a concentration of non-synonymous mutations associated with 2 transfers to the dog, suggesting some selection pressure from the change of host. However, there are no changes to which we can attribute the UTI event in the dog, which suggests that this occurrence after 2 years of the clone being in the household may have been due to chance, or some unknown change in the host or environment. The ability of a UTI strain to persist for 2 years and also to transfer readily within a household has implications for epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical intervention.     

Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Strain HUB-1

Mycoplasma hyorhinis is generally considered a swine pathogen yet is most commonly found infecting laboratory cell lines. An increasing body of evidence suggests that chronic infections with M. hyorhinis may cause oncogenic transformation. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of M. hyorhinis strain HUB-1.Mycoplasma hyorhinis is generally considered to be a swine pathogen causing lung lesions, inflammation in the chest and abdominal lining, and arthritis (8). This agent also frequently contaminates laboratory cell cultures, impinging on many aspects of biological research (3). Recent studies have demonstrated that M. hyorhinis infections induce a malignant phenotype in human prostate (7) and gastric (4) cells, suggesting that M. hyorhinis infections are associated with oncogenic transformation. These properties of M. hyorhinis have increased its profile to researchers. The complete genome sequence of this microbe has yet to be determined.We sequenced the genome of M. hyorhinis strain HUB-1, a pathogenic strain isolated from the respiratory tract of swine. Whole-genome sequencing was performed by combining GS FLX (6) and Solexa paired-end sequencing technologies (1). Genomic libraries containing 3-kb inserts were constructed, and 308,604 reads (79.7% paired end) were produced using the GS FLX system, giving 65.9-fold coverage of the genome. About 93.4% of reads were assembled into one large scaffold using Newbler software (454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT). A total of 822,579 reads were generated using an Illumina Solexa Genome Analyzer IIx and were mapped to the scaffold using the Burrows-Wheeler alignment (BWA) tool (5). Gaps were filled by local assembly of the Solexa/Roche 454 reads or by sequencing PCR products by using an ABI 3730 capillary sequencer. Open reading frames containing more than 30 amino acid residues were predicted using Glimmer 3.0 (2) and verified by comparison with six other closely related genome sequences.The complete genome of M. hyorhinis HUB-1 consists of an 839,615-bp single circular chromosome with an average G+C content of 25.88%. A total of 654 protein-encoding genes are predicted. The average protein size is 364 amino acids, and the mean coding percentage is 85.2%. The genome includes 30 tRNA genes, and only a single copy of the 16S-23S rRNA operon can be found. The 5S rRNA operon is separate from the 16S-23S rRNA operon. Protein secretion occurs through a truncated membrane protein secretion system, consisting of SecA, SecD, SecY, PrsA, DnaK, Tig, and LepA. Additionally, 20 pseudogenes, which become truncated or inactivated, are identified in the genome.M. hyorhinis contains a special variable lipoprotein (Vlp) system that constitutes its major coat protein (9) and provides a mutational strategy for evasion of the host immune system. Different M. hyorhinis strains carry a variable number of vlp genes (9). M. hyorhinis HUB-1 is characterized to contain seven vlp genes displayed in the order 5′-vlpD-vlpE-vlpF-insertion sequence (IS)-vlpG-vlpA-IS-vlpB-vlpC-3′.This is the first complete genome sequence of M. hyorhinis, and its availability will provide a better-defined genetic background for future studies of gene expression and regulation.