Assembly of rhizosphere microbial communities in Artemisia annua: recruitment of plant growth‐promoting microorganisms and inter‐kingdom interactions between bacteria and fungi

Plant and Soil - Plant roots assemble unique microbial communities in rhizosphere, which are critical for plant adapting to natural environment. Given the pivotal importance of plant-microbe...     

Mitochondrial DNA variation and population structure of the yarkand hareLepus yarkandensis

The yarkand hareLepus yarkandensis Günther, 1875 is one of the endemic mammals in China. We used mitochondrial control region (D-loop) sequences to investigate the genetic variation, population structure and phylogeography of the Yarkand hare from Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. The Yarkand hare holds a high level of haplotype diversity in most populations. In contrast, we found a relatively low level of gene diversity in Niya and Shule populations. The pairwise mismatch distribution suggested a pattern of population expansion. Fu’s test of neutrality was significant for the total population (F _s=−10.458), which also suggested a recent population expansion. The pattern of diversification among populations was not consistent with its geographic distributions. Significant divergence was found among some populations, however, no significant divergence among other populations. The results indicate some degree of dispersal of individuals may exist among populations in recent history. Due to past isolation and habitat fragmentation, genetic variation was reduced within populations and division among populations increased. In order to conserve genetic diversity of the Yarkand hare in isolated populations, in the future, it may be advisable to translocate individuals between isolated populations to maintain current levels of genetic variation.     

秦岭典型林分土壤有机碳储量及碳氮垂直分布

以秦岭典型林分锐齿栎(马头滩林区)、油松、华山松、松栎混交林、云杉、锐齿栎(辛家山林区)为对象,研究了不同林分土壤剖面上有机碳、全氮、有机碳储量的分布规律。结果表明:在秦岭地区,随着土壤剖面深度增加,不同林分的土壤有机碳、全氮含量均逐渐降低;不同林分的土壤有机碳、氮素的积累和分解存在一定差异。其中,云杉和松栎混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮含量较高,锐齿栎(辛家山林区)含量较低,不同林分土壤剖面有机碳、全氮含量平均值分别为13.46—26.41 g/kg、4.47—9.51 g/kg,大小顺序均为云杉松栎混交林锐齿栎(马头滩林区)油松华山松锐齿栎(辛家山林区);各个林分的土壤C/N在5.93—15.47之间,C/N平均值大小为松栎混交林﹥华山松﹥油松﹥云杉﹥锐齿栎(辛家山林区)﹥锐齿栎(马头滩林区);各个林分0—60 cm土层的土壤有机碳储量大小为云杉锐齿栎(马头滩林区)松栎混交林华山松锐齿栎(辛家山林区)油松,分别为150.94、135.28、124.93、109.24、102.15、96.62 t/hm2;各个林分土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量存在极显著正相关,土壤有机碳、全氮与C/N则没有明显相关性。     

秦岭地区不同林分土壤微生物群落代谢特征

利用BIOLOG微孔板法研究了秦岭山脉的锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var.acutidentata)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、华山松(Pinus armandii)、松栎混交、云杉(Picea asperata)6个林地5种典型林分土壤微生物群落代谢特征。发现:(1)5种典型林分中,华山松的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)最高,然后是锐齿栎1云杉油松锐齿栎2松栎混交。位于不同林场的锐齿栎林地土壤AWCD值差异较大;(2)土壤微生物功能多样性指数与平均颜色变化率表现一致,6种林分之间差异显著,且不同的林分土壤微生物对6种碳源利用差异较大。(3)主成分分析显示各土壤微生物功能多样性具有显著差异,其综合因子得分为华山松锐齿栎1油松云杉锐齿栎2松栎混交。(4)冗余分析表明土壤p H、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的综合作用对土壤微生物群落功能多样性有显著影响,其中速效磷和p H与土壤微生物功能多样性最密切。     

秦岭辛家山林区落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性

【目的】以秦岭辛家山林区落叶松为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的外生菌根真菌。【方法】通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法。【结果】鉴定出31种外生菌根真菌,分属2门4目11科11属,分别有毛革菌属(Tomentella)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、红菇属(Russula)、Amphinema、蜡蘑属(Laccaria)、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和硬皮马勃属(Scleroderma),丝盖伞属是优势类群。阳坡外生菌根真菌多样性高于阴坡。对菌根根际土与非根际土化学性质分析表明,pH值显著低于非根际,速效磷、速效钾含量显著高于非根际。对根际土化学性质与外生菌根侵染率相关性分析表明,落叶松外生菌根侵染率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;与速效钾呈极显著正相关;与全氮、速效磷呈显著负相关。【结论】落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性丰富,且受坡向影响。外生菌根真菌可降低根际pH,提高根际有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钙和水溶性镁的含量。外生菌根侵染率受土壤pH值、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。     

秦岭典型林分夏秋两季根际与非根际土壤微生物群落结构

本试验主要以秦岭山脉锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var.acutidentata)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、华山松(Pinus armandii)、云杉(Picea asperata)4种典型林分为对象,利用BIOLOG微孔板法研究4种林分夏、秋两季根际与非根际土壤微生物群落代谢多样性。研究表明:(1)夏、秋季土壤根际与非根际的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)值截然不同,除秋季云杉外,其余处理均表现为非根际根际,且AWCD明显受到季节的影响。(2)夏秋两季4种林分根际与非根际土壤微生物功能多样性之间差异显著,其中锐齿栎林夏秋两季均表现为根际小于非根际,而其它3种针叶林则是夏季根际小于非根际,秋季根际大于非根际;锐齿栎林根际与非根际均为秋季低于夏季,其他3种针叶林则是非根际土秋季低于夏季,而根际土秋季高于夏季。(3)主成分分析显示各土壤微生物功能多样性具有显著差异,且4种林分夏秋两季根际与非根际主成分综合得分也有所不同,4种林分非根际土综合得分锐齿栎最高,其次是华山松和云杉,油松最低;根际土夏秋规律不同,夏季华山松和油松较高,云杉最低,秋季油松和云杉较高,锐齿栎最低,且综合得分与多样性指数达到显著或极显著的正相关。(4)冗余分析表明土壤理化性质的综合作用对土壤微生物群落功能多样性有显著影响。     

秦岭天然林凋落物去除对土壤团聚体稳定性及细根分布的影响

研究凋落物去除对秦岭天然林土壤团聚体稳定性及细根分布特征的影响机制,为森林生态治理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)凋落物去除导致云杉林10-40 cm土层土壤中粒径大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WR_0.25)较对照显著降低(P<0.05);混交林10-40 cm土层的大于0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(DR_0.25)显著降低(P<0.05);红桦林表层0-10 cm土壤团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD)显著降低(P<0.05);(2)凋落物去除导致三种天然林0-20 cm土层的细根生物量密度(FRBD)较对照显著降低44.18%-57.24%,细根体积(FRV)显著降低24.64%-60.41%;三种天然林中红桦林0-40 cm各土层的FRV最高;(3)凋落物去除导致云杉林0-40 cm土层的土壤容重较对照显著增加5.24%-13.04%,三种天然林0-40 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量显著降低7.92%-25.21%,全氮含量显著降低10.17%-18.10%;(4)相关分析表明,云杉林土壤的团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)与FRBD、细根根长密度(FRLD)和FRV均呈极显著负相关,混交林土壤的PAD与FRBD呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.814),红桦林土壤团聚体MWD与FRBD、FRLD和细根比根长(FSRL)均呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.777、-0.771和-0.786)。综上,凋落物去除在总体上降低了天然林土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,并且不利于林木细根的生长。     

Suboptimal Selenium Supply—A Continuing Problem in Keshan Disease Areas in Heilongjiang Province

This study explores whether the declining prevalence of Keshan disease is associated with increasing selenium levels in Keshan disease areas in Heilongjiang province. Six counties endemic with Keshan disease and three non-endemic counties were selected as study areas. In each county, two townships and in each township one village were chosen in which to survey ten families about head hair, grain, and soil samples and to obtain demographic information. Selenium was measured with hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. In each county endemic with Keshan disease, one of the villages was chosen to investigate the prevalence of the disease. We collected 534 head hair samples, 446 staple food samples, and 180 soil samples. The selenium levels of head hair and corn in the endemic counties were significantly lower than those in non-endemic counties. Family demographic information was homologous except for the composition of staple food. More residents in Keshan disease areas preferred flour and corn. The detection rate for latent Keshan disease had a significantly negative correlation with the corn selenium level in six counties endemic with Keshan disease. As the population in this region is still at risk for Keshan disease, selenium surveillance measures should be intensified.     

濒危黑颈长尾雉圈养种群的RAPD遗传多样性分析

运用RAPD技术对黑颈长尾雉圈养种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。从50条随机引物中筛选出14条引物,对24个个体的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增,从检测出的119个位点中有98个多态位点,占总位点的82.35%,标记的分子量大小范围是0.2～3kb。24个个体间的遗传距离幅度0.1597～0.4874,平均是0.2810;用软件NTsys2.10e构建了24个个体相互关系的分支图,24个个体可分为3个类群。实验表明:黑颈长尾雉圈养种群的遗传多样性水平较高,圈养种群内遗传差异性较大。