The biological assessment of contaminated sediments — the Detroit River example

Contaminated sediments have been found in almost all water bodies which have at some time received, or are presently receiving, waste inputs from urban and industrial sources. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, sediments are classified as contaminated from bulk chemical analysis. The chemical criteria used to evaluate these results are somewhat arbitrary and only partially consider biological impacts. The absence of adequate linkage among sediment contamination, bioavailability, effects on organisms, populations, and ultimately ecosystem health, represents a major barrier to the restoration and protection of aquatic ecosystems.An integrated strategy for the assessment and delineation of contaminated sediments is proposed which provides a comprehensive evaluation of impact, as well as a cost-effective sampling and testing program. The strategy incorporates the triad approach and is to be executed in two stages. Both stages use physical, chemical and biological information; however, the second stage requires more sampling and analyses to specify the severity and extent of the associated problems. To illustrate the type of output anticipated if the strategy is used, data assembled from the Detroit River are presented. They demonstrate that combined analysis of physical, chemical and biological data can be used to link cause and effect between sediment contaminants and benthic communities.     

Towards defining aquatic ecosystem health for the Great Lakes

The Canada — U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement defines Areas of Concern as geographic areas that fail to meet the general or specific objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement where such failure has caused or is likely to cause impairment of beneficial use or the area's ability to support aquatic life. Impairment of beneficial use is defined by the Agreement as a change in the physical, chemical or biological integrity sufficient to cause any one of 14 designated use impairments. In 1987 the International Joint Commission's Great Lakes Water Quality Board (GLWQB) recommended that criteria be developed to determine when ecosystem conditions have been impacted enough to warrant designation as an Area of Concern and when conditions have improved sufficiently to be delisted. Based on scientific input and policy considerations, the GLWQB adopted, in principle, a set of quantitative and qualitative listing/delisting criteria for each of the 14 use impairments. These criteria can be uniformly applied throughout the basin. Further, the GLWQB recommended future refinement of these criteria based on advances in science and public input.