Interactions between hosts and non-hosts of Pinus spp. and Matsucoccus josephi: anatomical responses of stem to infestation

Artificial infestation of seven pine species revealed that Matsucoccus josephi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) completes its development on Pinus brutia , P. eldarica and P. halepersis , whereas only a small number of the scale larvae infesting P. cunariensis and P. pined reached the second instar and none developed to the adult stage. M. josephi crawlers died while trying to feed on P. radiata and P. pinaster. Histological examination of the infested plant sections indicated that necrosis in shoot and stem barks of P. eldarica and P. halepensis occurs just before or after the scale completes its development. Injury reached the cambium, and traumatic resin ducts; parenchyma cells instead of tracheids and curved tracheids were formed. In P. brutia wound periderm was observed in the stem section but not in the shoot cortex following scale development. Wound periderm was also formed in the stem cortex of P. canariensis and P. pinena whereas no pathological changes were detected in the infested cortex of P. pinaster and P. radiata.
Mechanical lesions caused by needle punctures resulted in the production of parenchyma cells instead of tracheids in all four pine species investigated. The response of the pine cortex was non-specific; however several similarities in the response to scale infestation, such as the formation of resin ducts, were observed. We hypothesize that the response of the pine tissue to the scale saliva is a hypersensitive reaction. It is suggested that the development of Matsucoccus species on particular pine species is related to the scale's inability to trigger the defence system of the host while the larvae are feeding.     

The Effect of Annual and Bi-annual Pruning on the Seasonal Changes in Xylem Formation in the Grapevine: With five Figures in the Text

Growth-ring development and seasonal changes in starch contentwere examined in annually as well as bi-annually pruned grapevines.Cambium was generally found to be active (in its normal season)from the middle of April to the end of July, with the main periodof activity being May to June. As a result of an additionalpruning in August a second period of cambial activity beganin the middle of September and lasted until the middle of November,with the main activity occurring in October. In the ‘normal’early summer season cambial activity was found to expand fromthe canes in a basipetal direction, whereas in the late summerseason it recommenced simultaneously in the trunks and canes.In vines that had been pruned twice in the preceding year theearly summer xylem increment was smaller than in those whichhad been pruned only once and the total increment of two growth-ringsper year was similar to that of the one growth-ring in the latter,once pruned, plants.     

Effect of Sink-Source Manipulations on the Photosynthetic Rate and Carbohydrate Content of Cucumber Cotyledons

Mayoral, M. L., Plaut, Z. and Reinhold, L. 1985. Effect of sink-sourcemanipulations on the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate contentof cucumber cotyledons.-J. exp. Bot. 36 1551–1558. The photosynthetic rate of cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sativuscv. Dahla) reached a maximum value of 12 mg dm^–2 h^–1,10 d after emergence. In 12-d-old seedlings removal of one cotyledondoubled the CO₂ fixation rate of the other, as observed 3 dafter treatment. When the primary leaf was removed, the photosyntheticrate of the cotyledons was decreased by 33%. At this stage ofgrowth elimination of the roots as a sink for assimilates bygirdling the hypocotyl affected neither the photosynthetic ratenor the carbohydrate content of the cotyledons. By contrast,in 18-d-old seedlings removal of the first leaf brought abouta 42% increase in the photosynthetic rate of the cotyledons.The simultaneous removal of the first leaf and one cotyledondoubled the rate of CO₂ fixation of the remaining cotyledon.Girdling the hypocotyl lowered the photosynthetic rate of thecotyledons by 73%. In both 12- and 18-d-old seedlings a decreaseor increase in the sink-source ratio was correlated with anincrease or a decrease respectively in the carbohydrate contentof the cotyledons. The stomatal resistance of the cotyledonswas not affected by any of the treatments. The effect of sink-sourcemanipulations on photosynthesis and on the level of carbohydratespresent in the cotyledons was more evident in those seedlingsgrowing under high light intensity (580 µE m^–2 s^–1),than in those exposed to 300 µE m^–2 s^–1 Key words: Sink-source relationship, cotyledons, photosynthesis     

Photosynthesis and Osmotic Adjustment of Two Sugarbeet Cultivars Grown under Saline Conditions1

The response of photosynthesis in two sugarbeet cultivars exposedto 180 mol m^–3 NaCl was investigated. An increase in photosynthesis was found in both cultivars duringthe initial 4 d after exposure to salinity. With longer timeperiods, CO₂ fixation in one cultivar, Monriac, was not affected,while under the same conditions, photosynthesis of the othercultivar, Kawemegapoly, was significantly reduced. Full osmoticadjustment was obtained in both cultivars, and the sensitivityof Kawemegapoly to salinity was not due to loss of turgor. Thepossible mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are discussed.Rubisco activity responded to salinity as CO₂ fixation ratein both cultivars. Key words: Photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, salinity     

Starch and Sugar in Canes of Summer-Pruned Vitis vinifera Plants

Plants of Vitis vinifera, var. Chasselas Doré were summer-prunedat various times after harvest in order to secure a second,winter crop. Dry weight, starch content, reducing sugar andnon-reducing sugar-content in canes of such treated plants weredetermined from July 1953 until February 1954. As controls,normally winter-pruned plants were used. Highest fertility was found in the latest-pruned plants, whichalso gave the largest yields. The earliest-pruned plants hadthe lowest fertility and gave the smallest crop. Dry weight in the controls was highest during September, anddropped somewhat during January and February. In the summer-prunedvines dry weight decreased immediately after pruning and roseagain at the time of the termination of the induced growth-period. Starch-content in the controls increased strongly from the timeof beginning of the experiments until November, decreased afterwardsand rose again in January. Starch-content of all the treatedvines, independently of time of summer pruning, followed mostlythe trend of the starch-content of the controls, but differedfrom it by being at a minimum in November and by not risingin January. The trend in the reducing and non-reducing sugar-content issimilar in the treated and non-treated plants. However, thereis always a temporary decrease in sugar immediately after thepruning. In all the plants there was an increase in the reducingsugars in February and at the same time a decrease in the non-reducingsugar. No starch-sugar conversion could be found during thewinter period.     

Genomic dissection of drought resistance in durum wheat × wild emmer wheat recombinant inbreed line population

Drought is the major factor limiting wheat productivity worldwide. The gene pool of wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides , harbours a rich allelic repertoire for morpho-physiological traits conferring drought resistance. The genetic and physiological bases of drought responses were studied here in a tetraploid wheat population of 152 recombinant inbreed lines (RILs), derived from a cross between durum wheat (cv. Langdon) and wild emmer (acc# G18-16), under contrasting water availabilities. Wide genetic variation was found among RILs for all studied traits. A total of 110 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped for 11 traits, with LOD score range of 3.0–35.4. Several QTLs showed environmental specificity, accounting for productivity and related traits under water-limited (20 QTLs) or well-watered conditions (15 QTLs), and in terms of drought susceptibility index (22 QTLs). Major genomic regions controlling productivity and related traits were identified on chromosomes 2B, 4A, 5A and 7B. QTLs for productivity were associated with QTLs for drought-adaptive traits, suggesting the involvement of several strategies in wheat adaptation to drought stress. Fifteen pairs of QTLs for the same trait were mapped to seemingly homoeologous positions, reflecting synteny between the A and B genomes. The identified QTLs may facilitate the use of wild alleles for improvement of drought resistance in elite wheat cultivars.     

Unseasonable Latewood and Incrusted Pits are the Cause of Drying in Pinus halepensis and P. eldaricaInfested with Matsucoccus josephi

Mendel, Z. and Liphschitz, N. 1988. Unseasonable latewood andincrusted pits are the cause of drying in Pinus halepensis andP.eldarica infested with Matsucoccus josephi.—J. exp. Bot.39: 951–959. A study was made of the effects of Matsucoccus josephi (Insecta:Homoptcra: Margarodidae) on (a) water transport in Pinus halepensis,using a basic fuchsin solution and (b) the structural changesof the xylem of Pinus halepensis, P. brutia andP. eldarica usinga scanning electron microscope.Examinations were carried outin artificially and naturally infested plants. Transport ofthe fuchsin dye was arrested below the affected zone of heavilyinfested shoots, but reached the shoot apex through sparselyinfested segments or via segments heavily infested with thefirst larval stage. Heavily infested stem sections of P. halepensisand P.eldarica were characterized by narrow pits and incrustedpit membranes. In non-infested shoots and those infested withfirst or early second-scale larvae in both these species andheavily infested P. brutia shoots, there were typical earlywoodpits with wide pit apertures and thin membranes. It is suggestedthat blocking of water ascent in P. halepensis and P. eldaricastarts when female second-instar larvae complete their developmentand only when population density is relatively high. Therefore,it is considered that the accelerated drying of the growth ofP. halepensis and P. brutia is directly related to the narrowingof the pit apertures, which resembled those of latewood pitsalthough produced early in the season. The absence of changesin the xylem of heavily infested P brutia may explain why thisspecies tolerates a high density of M. josephi. The structuralmodification of the xylem caused by the scale may be relatedto imbalance in plant growth hormones which are either transmittedwith the insect saliva or formed in the plant by salivary enzymes. Key words: Xylem, Matsucoccus, Pinus     

Nitrate Reductase Activity of Wheat Seedlings during Exposure to and Recovery from Water Stress and Salinity

Nitrate reductase activity was inhibited as a result of reduced soil moisture potentials or application of NaCI to nutrient solutions. The decrease in enzyme activity of wheat seedlings exposed to salinity, was found 24 hours after exposure to stress. The effect of stress on nitrate reductase was found in cell-free extracts as well as in riro in assays of intact leaf sections. A recovery in enzyme activity was found after irrigation or after removal of seedlings from salinity. While relative water content of the leaves was restored within 3 hours after removal of stress, full recovery of enzyme activity occurred only after 24 hours. Cycloheximide and chloramphenicol suppressed the activity of nitrate reductase in non-stressed seedlings, but had no effect on the activity of plants exposed to salinity. However, during removal of stress, cycloheximide prevented completely the recovery of nitrate reductase, while chloramphenicol did not interfere with the recovery of the inhibited enzyme activity. It is concluded that a fraction of nitrate reductase may be located in the cytoplasm and lost activity during stress, probably due to inhibited protein synthesis. Another fraction which may be associated with chloroplasts, was inhibited by stress due to conformational changes or partial denaturation.     

INHIBITION OF MALIGNANT CELL PROLIFERATION BY CULTURE MEDIA CONDITIONED BY CARDIAC OR SKELETAL MUSCLE

The present work is an attempt to explain the high resistance of muscles to cancer development. We used primary cultures of rat skeletal and cardiac muscle, and examined the effect of the supernatant of these cultures (conditioned medium; CM) on proliferation of cancer cells. The results demonstrated that CM inhibited the proliferation of several types of malignant cells by more than 50%, without a significant inhibition on normal cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that CM increased the number of cells in S and G2 phases, suggesting a cytostatic effect of CM. For defining the biological properties of the factor(s) which are present in the CM, skeletal muscle cultures were grown in chemically defined medium (serum free medium). The concentrated sample was applied to a Sephadex G-50 column and three fractions were obtained. Only one fraction showed inhibitory activity. Four protein bands were observed in this fraction, as revealed by SDS-PAGE. We suggest that some, or all of these proteins are responsible for inhibition of tumor cell replication.