The influence of H2, CO2 and dilution rate on the continuous fermentation of acetone-butanol

Summary The effect of product gases, H₂ and CO₂, on solvent production was studied using a continuous culture of alginate-immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum. Initially, in order to find the optimum dilution rate for aceton--butanol production in this system, fermentations were carried out at various dilution rates. With 10% H₂ and 10% CO₂ in the sparging gas, a dilution rate of 0.07 h^–1 was found to maximize volumetric productivity (0.58 g·l^–1·h^–1), while the maximum specific productivity of 0.27 g^–·h^–1 occured at 0.12 h^–1. Continuous cultures with vigorous sparging of N₂ produced only acids. It was concluded that in the case of continuous fermentation H₂ is essential for good solvent production, although good solvent production is possible in an H₂-absent environment in the case of batch fermentations. When the fermentation was carried out at atmospheric pressure under H₂-enriched conditions, the presence of CO₂ in the sparging gas did not slow down glucose metabolism; rather it changed the direction of the phosphoroclastic reaction and as a result increased the butanol/acetone ratio.     

里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei产纤维素酶的发酵培养基碳氮源优化

研究C、N源对里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)生产纤维素酶的影响,采用单因素实验方法和中心复合方法对发酵培养基进行优化。单因素实验表明:黄豆饼粉、玉米芯、玉米浆对纤维素酶的影响显著。通过响应面优化,得到最优培养基C、N源的组成:黄豆饼粉32.21 g/L,玉米芯42.29 g/L,玉米浆4.45 g/L。优化条件下,摇瓶发酵7 d的比酶活达到(10.65±0.50)U/mL。     

Exendin-4的研究进展

Exendin-4是从希拉毒蜥唾液中分离的一种多肽激素,由39个氨基酸残基组成,与胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）有53%的同源性.Exendin-4具有高度的组织特异性,仅在希拉毒蜥的唾液腺中表达.Exendin-4首先翻洋成N端多余45个氨基酸残基的前体,然后在激素原转化酶催化下分解产生具有生物活性的Exendin-4.Exendin-4的N端是一段不规则卷曲,第7～28氨基酸残基形成α螺旋,C端是不规则亲水片段.Exendin-4的受体是G蛋白,N端是激活受体信号转导途径的关键区域,中间部位和C端是受体结合域.Exendin-4与GLP-1类似,可提高胰岛素基因的转录水平,刺激胰岛素的释放,从而控制血糖浓度,但GLP-1的半衰期2分钟,Exendin-4半衰期却长达9.57小时,因而在治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病方面具有广阔的前景.     

豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性与11种土壤重金属相关性

对10个样地中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cd、As、Sb和Hg11种土壤重金属含量及样地内豚草叶片和果实气体交换特性进行测定.结果表明,样地内豚草叶片的净光合速率在1·88~9·41μmol·m-2·s-1,而果实的净光合速率最高可达2·81μmol·m-2·s-1.叶片的呼吸速率、气孔导度、光合速率和水分利用效率的平均值分别为1·81μmol·m-2·s-1、75·7mmol·m-2·s-1、6·05μmol·m-2·s-1和4·72μmol·mmol-1,分别是果实的5·26、0·64、1·31和1·69倍,说明非同化器官幼嫩果实具有与叶片相当,甚至更强的呼吸、光合能力和水分利用效率;研究地点重金属Ni达到轻微污染水平,其它重金属含量都接近或者显著低于重金属污染的阈值.相关分析和多元回归分析显示,大部分土壤重金属(如Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Sb和Hg)含量的高低对豚草气体交换特性没有显著影响,仅部分重金属含量与豚草的叶片、果实气体交换特性密切相关,如Ni和Cr对豚草叶片、果实的气孔导度及水分利用效率显著相关;Cr与豚草叶片饱和光合速率显著相关;而As与豚草果实的气孔导度显著相关.表明大部分土壤重金属对叶片和球果的气体交换没有直接影响,而Ni、Cr和As可以在轻微污染甚至没有达到污染水平时影响豚草的气体交换特性.     

安徽部分湖泊养殖鱼类暴发性出血病的病原分离与鉴定

目的确定引起安徽省部分湖泊养殖鱼类暴发性出血病的病原,为防治该病提供理论依据。方法随机取濒死期鲫鱼和白鲢的肌肉组织分别进行细菌和病毒分离培养,联合采用细菌表型鉴定法和16S rRNA基因序列分析法鉴定分离菌株,并使用分离菌株进行人工感染实验。结果从5尾患病鱼的肌肉组织中分离获得5株细菌,综合分离菌株的形态特征、理化特性和16S rRNA基因序列与系统发育学分析的结果,确定L1菌株为温和气单胞菌、L2菌株为维氏气单胞菌、J1、J2和L3菌株为嗜水气单胞菌。人工感染实验表明这5个气单胞菌分离株均具有较强的致病性。结论气单胞菌是该次鱼类暴发性出血病的病原,水温剧变、水质恶化和缺氧是疾病暴发的诱因,应采取改善环境、加强饲养管理、提高鱼体抵抗病力和及时杀灭病原体的综合措施防控该病。     

Elevated atmospheric [CO2] can dramatically increase wheat yields in semi‐arid environments and buffer against heat waves

Wheat production will be impacted by increasing concentration of atmospheric CO₂ [CO₂], which is expected to rise from about 400 μmol mol^?1 in 2015 to 550 μmol mol^?1 by 2050. Changes to plant physiology and crop responses from elevated [CO₂] (e[CO₂]) are well documented for some environments, but field‐level responses in dryland Mediterranean environments with terminal drought and heat waves are scarce. The Australian Grains Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility was established to compare wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and yield under ambient (~370 μmol^?1 in 2007) and e[CO₂] (550 μmol^?1) in semi‐arid environments. Experiments were undertaken at two dryland sites (Horsham and Walpeup) across three years with two cultivars, two sowing times and two irrigation treatments. Mean yield stimulation due to e[CO₂] was 24% at Horsham and 53% at Walpeup, with some treatment responses greater than 70%, depending on environment. Under supplemental irrigation, e[CO₂] stimulated yields at Horsham by 37% compared to 13% under rainfed conditions, showing that water limited growth and yield response to e[CO₂]. Heat wave effects were ameliorated under e[CO₂] as shown by reductions of 31% and 54% in screenings and 10% and 12% larger kernels (Horsham and Walpeup). Greatest yield stimulations occurred in the e[CO₂] late sowing and heat stressed treatments, when supplied with more water. There were no clear differences in cultivar response due to e[CO₂]. Multiple regression showed that yield response to e[CO₂] depended on temperatures and water availability before and after anthesis. Thus, timing of temperature and water and the crop's ability to translocate carbohydrates to the grain postanthesis were all important in determining the e[CO₂] response. The large responses to e[CO₂] under dryland conditions have not been previously reported and underscore the need for field level research to provide mechanistic understanding for adapting crops to a changing climate.     

紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢的影响

综述了UV-B辐射增强对植物叶片、茎、根、果实以及籽粒中糖含量影响的研究现状与动态,从生理学角度分析了UV-B辐射对植物糖含量和糖代谢相关的一些重要反应及其影响植物糖含量和糖代谢的关键酶的响应,并从植物的光合碳固定、糖的合成与分解等方面阐述了UV-B影响糖含量及糖代谢的可能机理。展望了今后紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢影响的研究重点和研究方向。     

超声提取-高效液相色谱法测定甘草中甘草酸含量

确定了制备甘草酸分析样品的超声波提取条件, 0.3%稀氨水为溶剂,液固比50:1,提取时间5 h;确定了高效液相色谱法检测甘草酸含量的条件为ODS色谱柱(4.6mm×25 cm, 5 μm),检测波长254 nm,检测温度为室温,流动相CH3OH/3% HOA c(V/V)为75/25,流速1mL/m in,进样量10 μL,平均加样回收率100.20%,相对标准偏差为1.77%。结果表明超声提取-高效液相色谱法是一种准确度高,速度快的测定甘草中甘草酸含量的检测方法。     

降低血粘度对慢性肺心病急性加重期疗效的影响

目的探讨血栓通降低血粘度对慢性肺心病急性加重期疗效的影响。方法将113例慢性肺心病急性加重期患者随机分为两组,观察组63例,对照组50例,两组病例均采取常规治疗(包括抗感染、改善通气、持续低流量吸氧、纠正心衰等),观察组同时应用血栓通注射液350mg加入生理盐水250ml中静滴,每日1次,15天为1疗程。两组病例治疗前、后分别检查血常规、血液流变学、血气分析和凝血常规4项。结果治疗前两组血液流变学数据无显著差异(P>0.05),治疗后观察组的血液流变学数据明显下降,组间差异非常显著(P<0.01)。组内比较观察组治疗后PaO2升高非常显著(P<0.01),PaCO2显著下降(P<0.05);对照组治疗后PaO2显著升高(P<0.05),PaCO2显著下降(P<0.05)。结论血栓通在降低血粘度,改善血液流变学的同时,使慢性肺心病急性加重期患者的低氧血症和高碳酸血症也得到显著纠正。     

印度犀牛角的化学成分分析

本文以印度犀牛角为主要研究对象,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、全自动氨基酸分析仪分析其红外光谱、化学成分等特征,旨在为犀牛角替代品、人工合成品的研究提供部分基础数据。结果表明：红外光谱中氨基酸、磷脂酸、牛磺酸等相关的吸收峰明显;犀牛角主要的无机成分为CaO、Fe₂O₃、K₂O、ZnO、SiO₂等;氨基酸含量为481.01 mg/g,药用氨基酸含量丰富,氨基酸组成与标准蛋白的贴近度为0.74。结果表明犀牛角具有较高的营养价值。