A simple method for measuring the kinetics of the formation of oxygen radicals

Sodium 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP Na ) was used to measure the kinetics of the formation of oxygen radicals. The oxygen radicals react with DCIP - , resulting in a decrease in DCIP concentration which is monitored by the decrease in A . A method based on this principle was demonstrated with xanthine/xanthine oxidase giving a K = 4.9x10 M. Cu significantly inhibited the enzyme reaction.     

天山林区土壤总氮矿化过程对季节性冻融的响应

森林土壤总氮矿化对冻融过程的响应机制尚不明确,氮矿化速率和转化情况尚缺乏定量刻画。通过土壤原位法与室内培养分析相结合,利用¹⁵N同位素稀释技术,研究冻融期间天山林区乔木林地、灌丛、草地3种群落类型土壤总氮矿化及转化累积量的动态,分析土壤总氮矿化速率与土壤温度、含水率及微生物量氮(MBN)的相互关系。结果表明:(1)冻融过程及群落类型对总氮矿化速率和MBN含量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),秋、春季冻融期的总氮矿化速率相比冻结期更高;(2)季节性冻融期间,乔木林地土壤总氨化累积量在3种群落类型中最高(163.9 kg N hm^-2 a^-1),秋、春冻融期占整个时期的比值约为66%;而总硝化累积量在3种群落类型中相差较小,秋、春冻融期占比均约为77.4%;(3)土壤温度和含水率显著影响总氮矿化速率、净氮矿化速率和MBN速率,随土壤温度增加,总氨化速率(林地和灌丛)显著升高(P<0.05);随土壤含水率增加,净氨化速率(灌丛)和净硝化速率(灌丛)显著降低(P<0.05)。通过揭示天山林区土壤总氮矿化速率(总氨...     

青海省大果圆柏群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

大果圆柏(Juniperus tibetica)群落是三江源地区主要森林群落之一,在保障中国水生态安全、保育生物多样性和延缓气候变化等方面发挥着重要作用。该研究以青海省果洛州班玛县大果圆柏天然群落为对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,以明确群落的物种组成,以及物种多样性与土壤因子的关系,为大果圆柏群落物种多样性保护和资源植物开发利用提供参考。结果表明：(1)大果圆柏群落内共有植物169种,隶属36科101属,其中菊科(Compositae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)植物物种最多,分别占总物种的14.20%、13.61%和9.47%。(2)大果圆柏群落的灌、草层物种多样性特征差异显著,草本层的丰富度(2.90)、多样性(2.35)和优势度指数(0.80)均高于灌木层丰富度(1.03)、多样性(1.45)和优势度指数(0.70),而均匀度指数(0.79)低于灌木层(0.89)。(3)0~60 cm土层林地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量及pH均值分别为(87.54±20.32) g·kg^-1、(4.68±1.36) g·kg^-1、(0.83±0.18) g·kg^-1和6.73±0.51。(4)灌木层Margalef指数、Shannon Wiener指数与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);草本层Margalef指数、Shannon Wiener指数与土壤全钾含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与土壤pH呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。研究认为,青海省大果圆柏林地土壤有机质、全钾含量和pH是影响群落物种多样性的主导因子。     

外源钙对干旱胁迫下桔梗幼苗生理特性和桔梗品质的影响

【目的】干旱胁迫抑制药用植物光合色素合成,降低植株光合活性、光合碳同化效率,阻碍养分运输,严重影响药材的产量和品质。钙是植物生理活动中多种酶的活化剂,同时Ca2+作为细胞内第二信使与植物非生物胁迫密切相关。揭示外源钙缓解桔梗干旱胁迫伤害的潜在生理机制,对利用外源钙提高干旱、半干旱地区桔梗耐旱性和药用品质具有重要意义。【方法】以桔梗幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验在干旱条件下叶面喷施10 mmol/L CaCl2,研究外源钙对桔梗幼苗生长、光合气体交换参数、抗氧化酶活性及药用部位品质等的影响。【结果】（1）外源钙处理能促进干旱胁迫下桔梗根长和干鲜生物量显著增加。（2）外源钙使干旱胁迫下桔梗叶片气孔开度、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）分别显著增加30.28%、57.67%、44.44%、100.33%、89.53%、60.00%和83.11%。（3）外源钙使干旱胁迫下桔梗叶片丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量分别显著降低13.82%和18.66%,同时使干旱胁迫下桔梗叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别增加了25.43%、7.90%和33.92%。（4）外源钙不仅促进桔梗根中药用成分皂苷D、多糖、总黄酮、游离氨基酸在正常条件下分别显著增加35.34%,34.87%,4.19%和6.52%,还使它们在干旱胁迫处理下分别显著增加10.94%、7.53%、6.07%和5.78%。（5）外源钙提高了干旱胁迫下桔梗根中可溶性蛋白含量,以及地上部和地下部矿质元素含量。【结论】喷施10 mmol/L CaCl2能进一步激发干旱环境中桔梗叶片抗氧化系统的保护作用,通过渗透调节提高光合色素含量和光合性能,协同促进次生代谢产物和矿质元素累积,改善药用部位品质,从而缓解干旱对桔梗幼苗的伤害。     

A Paper-Fiber-Supported 3D SERS Substrate

Plasmonics - Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is an effective approach for trace-level detection of molecular substance. Plasmonic metallic nanostructures with high...     

Mossy cell synaptic dysfunction causes memory imprecision via miR‐128 inhibition of STIM2 in Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Recently, we have reported that dentate mossy cells (MCs) control memory precision via directly and functionally innervating local somatostatin (SST) inhibitory interneurons. Here, we report a discovery that dysfunction of synaptic transmission between MCs and SST cells causes memory imprecision in a mouse model of early Alzheimer's disease (AD). Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals that miR‐128 that binds to a 3′UTR of STIM2 and inhibits STIM2 translation is increasingly expressed in MCs from AD mice. Silencing miR‐128 or disrupting miR‐128 binding to STIM2 evokes STIM2 expression, restores synaptic function, and rescues memory imprecision in AD mice. Comparable findings are achieved by directly engineering MCs with the expression of STIM2. This study unveils a key synaptic and molecular mechanism that dictates how memory maintains or losses its details and warrants a promising target for therapeutic intervention of memory decays in the early stage of AD.     

利用外源γ-氨基丁酸调控海洋绿藻亚心形四爿藻淀粉积累

微藻被看作第三代生物质能源的来源。微藻淀粉结构与高等植物的高度相似性使其可以作为粮食作物的替代,在生物能源领域有广泛的应用。γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)被认为是一种信号分子,可以调节植物细胞的生长代谢。本研究在缺氮培养条件下添加外源GABA调控海洋绿藻亚心形四爿藻生理代谢和淀粉积累。结果表明,添加外源GABA可以抑制细胞生长,降低光合作用效率;OJIP实验显示,GABA的添加增强了光合器官能量耗散,降低了光能利用效率,阻碍了电子传递,造成额外胁迫,从而促使细胞将碳流更多地分配到淀粉积累,导致藻细胞的淀粉含量、淀粉产量和淀粉产率提高。添加10 mmol/L GABA获得最大淀粉含量39%DW,比未添加GABA的对照组淀粉含量提高39%;同时获得最大淀粉产量和产率为1.72 g·L^-1和0.36 g·L^-1·d^-1,分别比未添加GABA的对照组提高39%和50%。以上结果表明在缺氮条件下添加外源GABA是一种调控亚心形四爿藻细胞代谢并提高其淀粉生产的有效方法。     

含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase-1)对猪伪狂犬病毒复制的影响

猪伪狂犬病是伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)感染引起的一种烈性接触性传染病,其感染宿主会触发机体先天免疫应答,引起I型干扰素(Type I interferon,IFN-1)和炎性细胞因子等细胞因子的产生,为研究可诱导产生炎性细胞因子的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1,caspase-1)的基因敲除对PRV复制的影响,本试验利用近年来发展迅速的一项规律性短重复回文序列簇/Cas9核酸酶(Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated system 9,CRISPR/Cas9)基因定点修饰技术构建猪肾上皮细胞(Porcine kidney epithelial cells,PK15)caspase-1基因稳定敲除细胞系,并通过T7核酸酶检测敲除效率;细胞毒性(Cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)试剂盒检测PK15敲除caspase-1增殖影响;采用流式细胞术检测PRV-GFP感染PK15以及PK15-caspase-1^-/-的增殖差异;实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time quantitative PCR,RT-PCR)检测PRV-gB、TK及白细胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IFN-β、干扰素刺激基因(Interferon-stimulated genes 20,ISG20)mRNA的表达;Western Blot检测PRV-gB蛋白表达;滴度测定检测子代病毒滴度。结果表明,2对特异性单链引导RNA(Single guide RNA,sgRNA)均能对caspase-1进行基因编辑,但经T7核酸酶酶切进行基因编辑效率分析结果表明sgRNA2的基因编辑效率较高;CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力结果表明caspase-1基因敲除对PK15以及PK15-caspase-1^-/-细胞活力无影响(P>0.05);流式细胞仪检测结果表明PRV-GFP在PK15-caspase-1^-/-中的增殖显著低于PK15细胞(P<0.05);定量RT-PCR结果表明PRV-gB、TK基因在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的mRNA表达显著低于PK15细胞(gB:P<0.05,TK:P<0.05),而IFN-β、ISG20基因在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的mRNA表达显著高于PK15细胞(gB:P<0.05,TK:P<0.05);Western Blot结果表明,PRV的gB蛋白在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的表达显著低于PK15细胞(P<0.05);滴度测定结果表明,敲除caspase-1能够抑制PRV子代病毒的增殖。以上结果均表明caspase-1基因敲除可抑制PRV在PK15细胞中复制。     

Abnormal Organization of White Matter Network in Patients with No Dementia after Ischemic Stroke

Structural changes after ischemic stroke could affect information communication extensively in the brain network. It is likely that the defects in the white matter (WM) network play a key role in information interchange. In this study, we used graph theoretical analysis to examine potential organization alteration in the WM network architecture derived from diffusion tensor images from subjects with no dementia and experienced stroke in the past 5.4–14.8 months (N = 47, Mini-Mental Screening Examination, MMSE range 18–30), compared with a normal control group with 44 age and gender-matched healthy volunteers (MMSE range 26–30). Region-wise connectivity was derived from fiber connection density of 90 different cortical and subcortical parcellations across the whole brain. Both normal controls and patients with chronic stroke exhibited efficient small-world properties in their WM structural networks. Compared with normal controls, topological efficiency was basically unaltered in the patients with chronic stroke, as reflected by unchanged local and global clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and regional efficiency. No significant difference in hub distribution was found between normal control and patient groups. Patients with chronic stroke, however, were found to have reduced betweenness centrality and predominantly located in the orbitofrontal cortex, whereas increased betweenness centrality and vulnerability were observed in parietal-occipital cortex. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of patient is correlated with the betweenness centrality of right pallidum and local clustering coefficient of left superior occipital gyrus. Our findings suggest that patients with chronic stroke still exhibit efficient small-world organization and unaltered topological efficiency, with altered topology at orbitofrontal cortex and parietal-occipital cortex in the overall structural network. Findings from this study could help in understanding the mechanism of cognitive impairment and functional compensation occurred in patients with chronic stroke.