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Summary The occurrence and distribution of endocrine cells and nerves were immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gut and rectal gland of the ratfish Chimaera monstrosa (Holocephala). The epithelium of the gut mucosa revealed open-type endocrine cells exhibiting immunoreactivity for serotonin (5HT), gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), pancreatic polypeptide (PP)/FMRFamide, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). The rectum contained a large number of closed-type endocrine cells in the basal layer of its stratified epithelium; the majority contained 5HT- and GRP-like immunoreactivity in the same cytoplasm, whereas others were immunoreactive for substance P. The rectal gland revealed closed-type endocrine cells located in the collecting duct epithelium. Most of these contained substance P-like immunoreactivity, although some reacted either to antibody against somatostatin or against 5HT. Four types of nerves were identified in the gut and the rectal gland. The nerve cells and fibers that were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and GRP formed dense plexuses in the lamina propria, submucosa and muscular layer of the gut and rectal gland. A sparse network of gastrin- and 5HT-immunoreactive nerve fibers was found in the mucosa and the muscular layer of the gut. The present study demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of the closed-type endocrine cells in the mucosa of the rectum and rectal gland of the ratfish. These abundant cells presumably secrete 5HT and/or peptides in response to mechanical stimuli in the gut and the rectal gland. The peptide-containing nerves may be involved in the regulation of secretion by the rectal gland.  相似文献   
3.
We developed a method for a determination of the amount of retrogradely transported HRP in the rat masseteric motoneuron using a modification of Mesulam's HRP histochemical protocol and an image processing system combined with a light microscope and a television camera. To test the validity and reproducibility of the new method, a quantitative comparison of the amount of dark blue granules of HRP-product in the cell body of masseteric motor neurons was performed between the right and left trigeminal motor nuclei of 70 rats, which resulted in no significant difference. An additional study used the method was made of the effects of administration of five dopamine receptor antagonists with different biochemical and pharmacologic properties on retrograde transport of HRP in the rat masseteric motoneuron. As a result, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, SCH 23390, and sulpiride significantly enhanced retrograde transport of HRP as against domperidone which showed no significant change in the transport. A possible regulatory system for retrograde transport of HRP in the masseteric motoneuron was discussed in relation to the action of the dopamine receptor.  相似文献   
4.
The effects of U-61,431F, ciprostene, a stable prostacyclin analogue, were examined on the proliferation of cultured quiescent bovine aortic endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). After stimulation with 5% fetal calf serum, U-61,431F suppressed both the DNA synthesis and proliferation of SMC dose-dependently at the concentration of 3-100 microM, but had no effect on either of them in EC at a concentration of up to 30 microM. The inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis was greater in SMC than in EC at 3-50 microM. When SMC were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for 2 hrs followed by a 22-hr incubation with insulin, U-61,431F (1-50 microM) administered at the time of PDGF stimulation did not inhibit DNA synthesis. SMC initiated and terminated DNA synthesis at about 15-18 h and 24 h after stimulation with serum, respectively. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in serum-stimulated SMC as a function of the addition time of U-61,431F reduced at 3-12 h after the stimulation. U-61,431F raised the cyclic AMP (cAMP) content in SMC. Moreover, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and a more specific cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Ro 20-1724, augmented the inhibition of DNA synthesis in SMC concomitant with further elevation of cAMP level. These results suggest that U-61,431F inhibits DNA synthesis of SMC acting in the progression stage rather than in the competence stage, with little antiproliferative effect on EC. cAMP may play an important role in its antiproliferative action in SMC.  相似文献   
5.
Summary Immunohistochemically, nerve fibers and terminals reacting with anti-N-terminal-specific but not with anti-C-terminal-specific glucagon antiserum were observed in the following rat hypothalamic regions: paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and median eminence. Few fibers and terminals were demonstrated in the lateral hypothalamic area and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Radioimmunoassay data indicated that the concentration of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity was higher in the ventromedial nucleus than in the lateral hypothalamic area. In food-deprived conditions, this concentration increased in both these parts. This was also verified in immunostained preparations in which a marked enhancement of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity-containing fibers and terminals was observed in many hypothalamic regions. Several immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of starved rats. Both biochemical and morphological data suggest that glucagon-related peptides may act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the hypothalamus and may be involved in the central regulatory mechanism related to feeding behavior and energy metabolism.  相似文献   
6.
The bacterial flagellar motor is a molecular machine that couples proton or sodium influx to force generation for driving rotation of the helical flagellar filament. In this study, we cloned a gene (motY) encoding a component of the sodium-driven polar flagellar motor in Vibrio alginolyticus. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the gene encodes a 293-amino-acid polypeptide with a single putative transmembrane segment that is very similar (94.5% identity) to the recently described MotY of V. parahaemolyticus. Their C-terminal domains were similar to the C-terminal domains of many peptidoglycan-interacting proteins, e.g., Escherichia coli MotB and OmpA, suggesting that MotY may interact with peptidoglycan for anchoring the motor. By using the lac promoter-repressor system, motY expression was controlled in V. alginolyticus cells. Swimming ability increased with increasing concentrations of the inducer isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, and the swimming fraction increased after induction. These results are consistent with the notion that MotY is a component of the force-generating unit. V. alginolyticus motY complemented the motY mutation of V. parahaemolyticus. However, motY appeared to lack a region corresponding to the proposed motY promoter of V. parahaemolyticus. Instead, sequences similar to the sigma54 consensus were found in the upstream regions of both species. We propose that they are transcribed from the sigma54 -specific promoters.  相似文献   
7.
FliI is a Salmonella typhimurium protein that is needed for flagellar assembly and may be involved in a specialized protein export pathway that proceeds without signal peptide cleavage. FliI shows extensive sequence similarity to the catalytic beta subunit of the F0F1 ATPase (A. P. Volger, M. Homma, V. M. Irikura, and R. M. Macnab, J. Bacteriol. 173:3564-3572, 1991). It is even more similar to the Spa47 protein of Shigella flexneri (M. M. Venkatesan, J. M. Buysse, and E. V. Oaks, J. Bacteriol. 174:1990-2001, 1992) and the HrpB6 protein of Xanthomonas campestris (S. Fenselau, I. Balbo, and U. Bonas, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:390-396, 1992), which are believed to play a role in the export of virulence proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in FliI that correspond to catalytically important residues in the F1 beta subunit resulted in loss of flagellation, supporting the hypothesis that FliI is an ATPase. FliI was overproduced and purified almost to homogeneity. It demonstrated ATP binding but not hydrolysis. An antibody raised against FliI permitted detection of the protein in wild-type cells and an estimate of about 1,500 subunits per cell. An antibody directed against the F1 beta subunit of Escherichia coli cross-reacted with FliI, confirming that the proteins are structurally related. The relationship between three proteins involved in flagellar assembly (FliI, FlhA, and FliP) and homologs in a variety of virulence systems is discussed.  相似文献   
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9.
Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from patients with toxoplasmosis were shown to be highly responsive to in vitro stimulation with Toxoplasma gondii extract as measured by incorporation of [3H]methylated thymidine. Analysis of Toxoplasma-specific proliferative cells in PBL by using monoclonal antibodies specific for human T cell subsets revealed that the Toxoplasma-specific proliferation response of PBL from the patients was mediated by Leu 1, Leu 3a positive cells, that is, helper/inducer T cells. Tests for the Toxoplasma-specific proliferation response may provide a readily available method for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, especially during the newborn period.  相似文献   
10.
The crystal structures of (1→3)-α-d-glucan triacetates were studied by X-ray diffraction measurements on fibre diagrams. The oriented films annealed in water at high temperature were of higher crystallinity and occurred as two crystalline polymorphs (GTA I and GTA II) depending on the samples and also the annealing temperature. All reflections in GTA I were indexed with a pseudo-orthorhombic unit cell with a = 1·753, b = 3·018 and c(fibre axis) = 1·205 nm. From the fibre repeat data coupled with the density data and the presence of only the (003) reflection on the meridian, an extended three-fold helical structure was proposed. Although some reflections in GTA II split from the layer lines, the basic unit cell was a monoclinic system with a = 1·685, b = 3·878, c (fibre axis) = 1·210 nm and γ = 112·2°. A similar three-fold structure to GTA I was proposed from the almost identical fibre repeat and the conformational analysis on (1→3)-α-d-glucan. It was concluded that, on acetylation, the d-glucan structure changed from the fully extended two-fold helix to the extended three-fold accompanied by some extent of chain shrinking.  相似文献   
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