3年高氮添加对黄山松土壤真菌网络稳定性的影响

土壤真菌群落对维持生态系统功能至关重要,然而氮沉降等环境变化如何影响其稳定性尚不清楚。利用高通量测序和网络分析,探究了连续三年不同氮添加水平对土壤真菌群落特征的影响,并通过计算"内聚力"量化连通性以预测真菌网络的稳定性。结果表明,真菌多样性及其群落稳定性对氮添加的响应存在明显的时间效应。相比于前2年,第3年氮添加改变了真菌β多样性,且低氮添加显著提高了0-10 cm土层真菌Chao1和Shannon指数。网络分析发现,随着氮添加量的增加真菌网络正连接比例增加,平均聚类系数和模块性降低。内聚力分析表明,第3年高氮添加显著降低了两个土层的真菌负:正内聚力的绝对值,而低氮添加提高或不改变两者的比值。这说明高剂量氮添加将通过破坏真菌群落的稳定性影响其生态系统服务功能。研究为评价不同水平氮添加下森林土壤真菌群落稳定性提供了新的见解,对评价氮沉降的生态效应具有科学意义。     

Genomics and expression analysis of DHHC-cysteine-rich domain S-acyl transferase protein family in apple

S-acylation is one of a group of lipid modifications that occurs on eukaryotic proteins, mediated by DHHC-CRD-containing proteins, which plays an important role in regulating the membrane association, trafficking and function of target proteins. Although genome-wide identification of PAT family has been carried out in yeast, mice, humans and Arabidopsis, little is known about apple PAT genes. In this study, a total of 33 putative apple PAT proteins, containing DHHC-CRD by domain analysis, have been identified, and were classified into three groups according to the phylogenetic analysis of PAT proteins in apple and Arabidopsis. More complex TMDs in the most MdPATs revealed the PM location of the gene family. Gene structure, gene chromosomal location and paralogs analysis of MdPAT genes within the apple genome demonstrated that tandem and segmental duplications, as well as whole genome duplications, have likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of the PAT gene family in apple. According to the microarray and expressed sequence tag (ESTs) analysis, the different expression patterns indicate that they may play different roles during fruit development and rootstock-scion interactions process. Moreover, PATs were performed expression profile analyses in different tissues, indicating that the PATs are involved in various aspects of physiological and developmental processes of apple. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a genome-wide analysis of the apple PAT gene family, and this genomic analysis of apple DHHC-CRD PAT genes provides the first step towards a functional study of this gene family in apple.     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤磷积累的影响

磷是植物生长的必需元素之一,是维持亚热带森林生态系统生产力的关键因子。研究森林转换后土壤因素对磷素的影响,对生态系统的稳定和森林经营具有重要意义。选取由亚热带常绿阔叶林转换而成的米槠次生林(SF)、米槠人促林(AR)和杉木人工林(CF)为研究对象,测定了土壤理化性质、铁铝氧化物、各形态磷含量以及酸性磷酸酶活性,旨在探究土壤磷对森林转换的响应和驱动土壤磷变化的影响因子。结果显示:米槠人促林土壤的全磷、有机磷和微生物生物量磷显著高于米槠次生林和杉木人工林;冗余分析(RDA)发现,土壤含水量、总氮和无定型铁是影响淋溶层土壤磷的主要因子,而在淀积层,则是酸性磷酸酶、游离型铁和总氮起主要作用;土壤生物化学属性和微生物特性都会影响着不同形态土壤P的积累,其中土壤中的水分和酸性磷酸酶活性是调控土壤磷的关键因子。研究表明,中亚热带地区天然林转换为人促更新林更有利于森林土壤磷的储存和供应,有助于维持本区域森林生态系统的稳定。     

基于林业清查资料的桂西北植被碳空间分布及其变化特征

基于2005-2010年林业资源清查数据,采用材积源生物量法,运用地理信息系统技术,估算和分析了桂西北植被碳密度及其储量的空间分布及其变化。结果显示:(1) 研究区域从2005年到2010年呈现碳汇变化趋势,植被碳储量由4.19×10⁴t增加到4.27×10⁴t(增幅为1.84%),植被碳密度从29.04t/hm²增加到29.57 t/hm²。(2) 从治理措施、林种起源方式及林种类型来看,自然保护区的植被碳密度最大,超过40 t/hm²。2005-2010年,人工植苗、直播、飞播和萌生方式植被碳密度增加,退耕还林工程的植被碳密度均呈明显增长(增加3.00 t/hm²),所有林种碳密度都呈不同程度的增长。 (3)植被碳密度空间分布上,大致表现为西部高、中东部低,北部高、南部低。西部区植被碳密度均值超过40 t/hm²,中东部区植被碳密度均值低于25 t/hm²。植被碳密度变化在空间分布上表现为无论是非喀斯特区还是喀斯特区的植被碳密度都有增长趋势,其中有7个县市植被碳密度升级为更高等级。研究表明,随着退耕还林、生态移民等治理措施的实施,区域植被碳密度显著增加,生态环境好转。     

Molecular determinants for ATP-binding in proteins: a data mining and quantum chemical analysis

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) plays an essential role in all forms of life. Molecular recognition of ATP in proteins is a subject of great importance for understanding enzymatic mechanism and for drug design. We have carried out a large-scale data mining of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to analyze molecular determinants for recognition of the adenine moiety of ATP by proteins. Non-bonded intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonding, pi-pi stacking interactions, and cation-pi interactions) between adenine base and surrounding residues in its binding pockets are systematically analyzed for 68 non-redundant, high-resolution crystal structures of adenylate-binding proteins. In addition to confirming the importance of the widely known hydrogen bonding, we found out that cation-pi interactions between adenine base and positively charged residues (Lys and Arg) and pi-pi stacking interactions between adenine base and surrounding aromatic residues (Phe, Tyr, Trp) are also crucial for adenine binding in proteins. On average, there exist 2.7 hydrogen bonding interactions, 1.0 pi-pi stacking interactions, and 0.8 cation-pi interactions in each adenylate-binding protein complex. Furthermore, a high-level quantum chemical analysis was performed to analyze contributions of each of the three forms of intermolecular interactions (i.e. hydrogen bonding, pi-pi stacking interactions, and cation-pi interactions) to the overall binding force of the adenine moiety of ATP in proteins. Intermolecular interaction energies for representative configurations of intermolecular complexes were analyzed using the supermolecular approach at the MP2/6-311 + G* level, which resulted in substantial interaction strengths for all the three forms of intermolecular interactions. This work represents a timely undertaking at a historical moment when a large number of X-ray crystallographic structures of proteins with bound ATP ligands have become available, and when high-level quantum chemical analysis of intermolecular interactions of large biomolecular systems becomes computationally feasible. The establishment of the molecular basis for recognition of the adenine moiety of ATP in proteins will directly impact molecular design of ATP-binding site targeted enzyme inhibitors such as kinase inhibitors.     

Airway epithelial cells-Functional links between CFTR and anoctamin dependent Cl(-) secretion

Airways consist of a heterogeneous population of cells, comprising ciliated cells, Clara cells and goblet cells. Electrolyte secretion by the airways is necessary to produce the airway surface liquid that allows for mucociliary clearance of the lungs. Secretion is driven by opening of Cl(-) selective ion channels in the apical membrane of airway epithelial cells, through either receptor mediated increase in intracellular cAMP or cytosolic Ca(2+). Traditionally cAMP-dependent and Ca(2+)-dependent secretory pathways are regarded as independent. However, this concept has been challenged recently. With identification of the Ca(2+) activated Cl(-) channel TMEM16A (anoctamin 1) and with detailed knowledge of the cAMP-regulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), it has become possible to look more closely into this relationship.     

Ginseng stem‐leaf saponins in combination with selenium enhance immune responses to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine

Pseudorabies, a herpesvirus infection, is mainly controlled by using attenuated live vaccines. In this study, the effect of ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS) in combination with selenium (Se; in the form of sodium selenite) on vaccination against attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) was evaluated. It was found that GSLS and Se have an adjuvant effect and that a combination of GSLS and Se stimulates significantly enhanced immune responses than does GSLS or Se alone. Following oral administration of GSLS, mice immunized with an attenuated PrV vaccine diluted in Se‐containing physiological saline solution (PSS) provoked a significantly stronger gB‐specific serum antibodies response (IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a), enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and cytolytic activity of NK cells, along with higher production of cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐12, IL‐5 and IL‐10) by splenocytes. Notably, the combination of GSLS and Se conferred a much higher resistance to fPrV challenge after immunization of the mice with aPrV vaccine. This study offers convincing experimental evidence that an injection of Se with oral GSLS is a promising adjuvant combination that improves the efficacy of vaccination against PrV and deserves further study regarding improvement of responses to other animal vaccines.     

Rice yellow stunt virus activates polyamine biosynthesis to promote viral propagation in insect vectors by disrupting ornithine decarboxylase antienzyme function

Intracellular polyamines(putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) have emerged as important molecules for viral infection;however, how viruses activate polyamines biosynthesis to promote viral infection remains unclear. Ornithine decarboxylase 1(ODC1) and its antienzyme 1(OAZ1) are major regulators of polyamine biosynthesis in animal cells. Here, we report that rice yellow stunt virus(RYSV), a plant rhabdovirus, could activate putrescine biosynthesis in leafhoppers to promote viral propagation by inhibiting OAZ1 expression. We observed that the reduction of putrescine biosynthesis by treatment with difluormethylornithine(DFMO), a specific nontoxic inhibitor of ODC1, or with in vitro synthesized dsRNAs targeting ODC1 mRNA could inhibit viral infection. In contrast, the supplement of putrescine or the increase of putrescine biosynthesis by treatment with ds RNAs targeting OAZ1 mRNA could facilitate viral infection. We further determined that both RYSV matrix protein M and ODC1 directly bind to the ODC-binding domain at the C-terminus of OAZ1. Thus, viral propagation in leafhoppers would decrease the ability of OAZ1 to target and mediate the degradation of ODC1, which finally activates putrescine production to benefit viral propagation. This work reveals that polyamine-metabolizing enzymes are directly exploited by a vector-borne virus to increase polyamine production, thereby facilitating viral infection in insect vectors.     

桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征

Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities.     

海拔梯度变化对武夷山黄山松林土壤磷组分和有效性的影响

土壤磷（P）是植物生长必需的养分元素,也是亚热带森林生产力的主要限制元素。目前,关于不同海拔土壤P组分和P有效性的变化规律尚无统一定论,其原因主要是忽略了植被类型变化导致的P组分和P有效性对海拔的响应更为复杂。因此,以武夷山不同海拔黄山松林为研究对象,通过测定土壤环境因素、理化性质、微生物生物量（SMB）、酸性磷酸单酯酶（ACP）和磷酸双酯酶（PD）活性以及土壤P组分,探究土壤P组分和P有效性的变化及其影响因素。结果表明,随海拔降低,速效P含量显著增加,而易分解P、中等易分解P、难利用P和总磷含量显著减少。冗余分析结果表明,微生物生物量磷和微生物生物量氮是影响土壤P组分和P有效性变化的关键因素。研究表明,随海拔降低,黄山松林土壤微生物通过提高ACP、PD活性和降低SMB含量的能量分配策略,促进更多较难分解P组分的矿化,从而提高速效P含量,以满足微生物对P的需求。因此,在低海拔地区,微生物通过能量分配策略获取更多有效P,可能有利于提高武夷山黄山松林土壤速效P的供应,但从长期来看,可能使P矿化速率提高和P损耗增加,导致P库的储备不足,不利于土壤P素养分的可持续供应。