Carbon footprints of grain-, forage-, and energy-based cropping systems in the North China plain

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Low carbon footprint agriculture has received increasing attention in the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate...     

生态系统服务价值的市场转化问题初探

为生态系统服务寻找建立特定的、真实的市场环境,将生态系统服务的间接价值转化为直接的经济价值,既有利于区域经济的发展,又可促进人们对生态系统服务功能的维持和保护。提出了生态系统服务价值的市场转化(率)概念,即生态系统服务价值市场转化是指为生态系统服务价值寻找建立特定的、真实的市场环境,使一些生态系统服务能够像普通商品一样进入市场流通,转化为直接的经济价值;而生态系统服务价值市场转化率(Cr)就是能够进入市场流通的服务价值(Va)占生态系统总服务价值(Vg)的比例。阐述了市场转化(率)的应用意义。在此基础上分析了全球及我国各类生态系统服务价值的市场转化情况,并提出了将来的发展思路。     

密植条件下种植方式对夏玉米群体根冠特性及产量的影响

选用平展大穗型品种鲁单981(Ludan981,LD981)和紧凑中穗型品种鲁单818(Ludan818,LD818),在两种种植密度(60000和90000株/hm2)和两种种植方式(单株和双株)下,研究了密植及种植方式对夏玉米冠层和根系结构与功能以及子粒产量等的影响.研究发现,随种植密度增加,冠层垂直分布呈现干重比例权重上移的趋势,根系则呈现下移的趋势.密植条件下,LD981冠层对生长空间更为敏感,其根系对生长空间的竞争强于冠层,其群体产量限制因素是子粒库容;LD818根系对生长空间更为敏感,冠层对生长空间的竞争强于根系,其群体产量限制因素是单位面积穗数.60000株/hm2下,LD981的群体结构质量和功能较优,双株种植可缓解其冠层竞争,根、冠协调,表现增产;在90000株/hm2下,LD818的群体结构质量和功能较优,双株种植可缓解其根系竞争,部分改善冠层群体结构质量和功能,根、冠协调,表现增产.     

基于农业生态服务价值的农业绿色GDP核算——以安塞县为例

将传统GDP绿色化,也就是“绿色GDP”是国民经济核算研究和探索的热点。从微观层面对农业生产进行绿色GDP核算,认为农业绿色GDP不仅包含传统的产品价值,还应包括农业对人类社会经济系统的生态服务价值,并以基于生态系统服务价值的“农业绿色GDP=农业常规GDP＋农业生态GDP”的公式核算了安塞县的绿色GDP。结果表明：（1）安塞县2000年的农业生产总值为29187万元,减去中间消耗为18972万元;（2）若考虑农业生态环境代价,则农业生产产值仅为6272．30万元,是农业常规GDP的33．06％,农业常规GDP背后至少隐含着66．94％的农业生态环境代价;（3）应用市场价值法、机会成本法、替代工程法、影子价格法等核算农业生态系统服务价值结果为504218．37万元,把农业生态系统服务价值作为农业系统的间接产出,则该县2000年的农业绿色GDP为510490．67万元。安塞县农业经济的获得背后至少有66．94％生态环境代价是依靠其农业生态系统的服务来提供和补偿的。     

TRPV1 Potentiates TGFβ-Induction of Corneal Myofibroblast Development through an Oxidative Stress-Mediated p38-SMAD2 Signaling Loop

Injuring mouse corneas with alkali causes myofibroblast expression leading to tissue opacification. However, in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel (TRPV1-/-) knockout mice healing results in transparency restoration. Since TGFβ is the primary inducer of the myofibroblast phenotype, we examined the mechanism by which TRPV1 affects TGFβ-induced myofibroblast development. Experiments were performed in pig corneas and human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). Immunohistochemical staining of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers was used to visualize myofibroblasts. Protein and phosphoprotein were determined by Western blotting. siRNA transfection silenced TRPV1 gene expression. Flow cytometry with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) reporting dye analyzed intracellular ROS. [Ca2+]I was measured by loading HCF with fura2. In organ cultured corneas, the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine drastically reduced by 75% wound-induced myofibroblast development. In HCF cell culture, TGF-β1 elicited rapid increases in Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of SMAD2 and MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38), ROS generation and, after 72 hrs myofibroblast development. SMAD2 and p38 activation continued for more than 16 h, whereas p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1/2 waned within 90 min. The long-lived SMAD2 activation was dependent on activated p38 and vice versa, and it was essential to generate a > 13-fold increase in α-SMA protein and a fully developed myofibroblast phenotype. These later changes were markedly reduced by inhibition of TRPV1 or reduction of the ROS generation rate. Taken together our results indicate that in corneal derived fibroblasts, TGFβ- induced myofibroblast development is highly dependent on a positive feedback loop where p-SMAD2-induced ROS activates TRPV1, TRPV1 causes activation of p38, the latter in turn further enhances the activation of SMAD2 to establish a recurrent loop that greatly extends the residency of the activated state of SMAD2 that drives myofibroblast development.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of alkali/peracetic acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse for ethanol and 2,3-butanediol production

The enzymatic digestibility of alkali/peracetic acid (PAA)-pretreated bagasse was systematically investigated. The effects of initial solid consistency, cellulase loading and addition of supplemental β-glucosidase on the enzymatic conversion of glycan were studied. It was found the alkali-PAA pulp showed excellent enzymatic digestibility. The enzymatic glycan conversion could reach about 80% after 24 h incubation when enzyme loading was 10 FPU/g solid. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) results indicated that the pulp could be well converted to ethanol. Compared with dilute acid pretreated bagasse (DAPB), alkali-PAA pulp could obtain much higher ethanol and xylose concentrations. The fermentation broth still showed some cellulase activity so that the fed pulp could be further converted to sugars and ethanol. After the second batch SSF, the fermentation broth of alkali-PAA pulp still kept about 50% of initial cellulase activity. However, only 21% of initial cellulase activity was kept in the fermentation broth of DAPB. The xylose syrup obtained in SSF of alkali-PAA pulp could be well converted to 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae CGMCC 1.9131.     

农牧交错带风蚀沙化区农业生态系统服务功能的经济价值评估

运用市场价值法、替代工程法、影子价格法和机会成本法等方法对内蒙古阴山北麓风蚀沙化区农业生态系统服务功能的价值进行了经济评估。结果表明 ,该地区农业生态系统总的服务价值为 4 6 5 4 5 381 0万元 ,其中产品服务价值为 2 9874 1万元 (占 0 0 6 % ) ,水土保持价值为 4 5 70 2 84 2万元 (占 9 7% ) ,涵养水源价值为 4 2 80 2 6万元 (占 0 0 9% ) ,气候调节价值为393411 8万元 (占 0 84 % ) ,营养物质循环价值为 4 1910 6 73 9万元 (占 89 2 7% ) ,从服务功能的价值比例来看 ,系统的环境服务价值要远远大于其产品服务的价值 ,表明该地区农业生产水平落后 ,同时也体现了在当地环境恶劣 ,农业经营粗放的前提下 ,系统环境服务价值是维系其不稳定农业生产的基础     

不同土地利用方式下土壤风蚀主要影响因子研究——以内蒙古武川县为例

以内蒙古武川县为例,选取天然草场、旱作农田(马铃薯)和退耕人工灌木林3类农用地为研究对象,对影响土壤风蚀的气候、植被覆盖度、土壤特性等若干因子进行了野外实测、室内分析及风洞模拟试验.结果表明,降雨少、风大、风多、土壤质地粗糙以及冬春冻融交替作用造成土壤表层疏松干燥等原因,决定了春季是该地区土壤风蚀的易发期.植被覆盖度是影响土壤风蚀的重要因子.在冬春风蚀季节覆盖度高低依次为灌木地＞天然草地＞旱作农田,此时缺少地表覆盖物保护的旱作农田最易受到风蚀危害.土壤含水量是影响风蚀的另一个重要因子.通过风洞试验对土壤风蚀率与含水量的定量关系研究表明,土壤含水量越高,土壤启动风速越大,风蚀率越小.6%土壤含水量是旱作农田风蚀强度由强变弱的一个转折点.田间试验结果表明,不同土地利用方式下表层土壤含水量总体上表现为天然草地＞旱作农田＞灌木林.通过风洞试验对土壤水分和风速的定量化研究表明,土壤风蚀速率随风速的增大而增大,二者呈幂函数关系.在净风吹蚀的条件下,18 m·s^-1风速是风蚀强度急剧增加的一个转折点.     

四川盆地稻田多熟高效保护性耕作模式的生态系统服务价值评估

运用生态系统服务功能价值评估方法,对四川盆地稻田保护性耕作条件下多熟高效保护性种植模式进行生态经济评价。结果表明,油-稻-芋模式比油-稻传统耕作种植模式的农产品服务价值高32．42％,固定CO2和释放O2的价值高17．03％;麦-稻保护性耕作模式比麦-稻传统种植模式农产品服务价值高55．21％。固定CO2和释放O2的价值高9．40％。油-稻秸秆还田双免耕模式比油-稻传统耕作种植模式土壤积累有机质的价值高0．23％,农田生态系统维持营养物质循环的价值高12．35％;麦-稻保护性耕作种植模式比麦-稻传统耕作种植模式土壤积累有机质的价值高0．39％,农田生态系统维持营养物质循环的价值高12.81％;稻草覆盖还田后油菜田的农田涵养水分价值增加11．66％,小麦田农田涵养水分价值增加32．63％。     

2,3-丁二醇生产菌株生产能力的比较和培养基优化

对5株克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌 (包括两株乳酸途径被敲除的工程菌株) 发酵生产2,3-丁二醇能力进行了比较,其中K. pneumonia HR521 LDH (乳酸合成途径中ldhA基因被敲除) 具有最佳的发酵性能。通过正交试验优化了其发酵培养基的主要组分,优化后的培养基组成为：葡萄糖 90 g/L,(NH4)2HPO4 3 g/L,玉米浆 (CLSP) 6 g/L,乙酸钠 5 g/L,KCl 0.4 g/L,MgSO4 0.1 g/L,FeSO4·7H2O 0.02 g/L,MnSO4 0.01 g/L。在优化后的发酵培养基中进行摇瓶发酵,24 h发酵乙偶姻和2,3-丁二醇的终浓度为37.46 g/L,比未优化前增加了10 g/L,2,3-丁二醇得率达到了理论得率的90.53％,生产强度1.56 g/(L·h),检测不到副产物乳酸的生成,利于后提取工艺的进行和工业生产的应用。