抗花叶病烟草种质资源的鉴定与筛选

本研究以不同来源、不同类型的46个烟草品种为试验材料,进行抗烟草普通花叶病（TMV）特性的田间鉴定和分子鉴定,为筛选抗病烟草种质奠定基础。结果表明,22个品种的烟草抗TMV特性田间鉴定结果与前人鉴定结果基本相同,从24个前人未鉴定的烟草品种中初步筛选出14个中抗品种,8个中感品种和2个感病品种;通过抗TMV基因（CN）的特异引物进行扩增,36个烟草品种的基因组DNA具有特异性片段;通过分子鉴定和田间鉴定的结果比较,62.9%的具有CN或其同源基因的烟草品种田间鉴定表现为中抗或高抗,83.3%的具有CN或其同源基因的选育烟草品种田间鉴定表现为中抗或高抗;结合两种方法,初步确定了3个中感品种和11个中抗品种。     

Enhanced Photodegradation of PNP on Soil Surface under UV Irradiation with TiO2

Photodegradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) on soil surface was investigated to explore the photochemical remediation of soil polluted by nitrophenols. Soil samples spiked with PNP were irradiated by UV light with and without the addition of TiO ₂ . The addition of 0.5–2 wt% TiO ₂ enhanced PNP photodegradation with approximately 1.36 times increase in apparent rate of PNP disappearance. Soil moisture, humic acid and soil pH were important factors influencing the rate of PNP photodegradation. Increase in soil moisture improved the degradation significantly, whereas humic acid reduced the degradation rate. Changes in soil pH resulted in different degradation rates, and higher degradation efficiencies were observed under alkaline condition.     

Influence of Temperature and Oil Content on the Soil/Air Partition Coefficient for Hexachlorobenzene in Oil-Contaminated Rice Paddy Field Soil

The soil/air partition coefficients (K _SA ) for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in oil-contaminated (crude oil and diesel) rice paddy field soils were measured in a solid fugacity meter at different oil concentrations over the temperature range of 5 to 30°C at 100% relative humidity. The results showed that values of K _SA increased with a decrease of temperature. As for oil content, there is a critical separate phase concentration (CSPC) above which K _SA increased with increasing of oil content. When oil content is above CSPC, oil plays a role as a separate phase that enhances the sorption capacity of the soil. At a given temperature (20°C) values of CSPC depended on the natural organic matter (NOM) contents of the soil, while for a given oil concentration they depended on the temperature. The normalized oil/air partition coefficients ) for HCB deduced from K _SA for oils and experimentally determined with crude oil/quartz sand system were similar and 0.7–7 times higher than the normalized organic/air partition coefficient ), which implied that oil was a super sorbent. The enthalpies (ΔH_SA) for crude oil and diesel were 64.9 and 55.7 kJ mol^?1, respectively.     

Novel role for caspase 1 inhibitor VX765 in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and atherosclerosis via promoting mitophagy and efferocytosis

Atherosclerosis is a maladaptive chronic inflammatory disease, which remains the leading cause of death worldwide. The NLRP3 inflammasome constitutes a major driver of atherosclerosis, yet the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, whether activated NLRP3 inflammasome exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction remains to be further elucidated. Herein, we sought to address these issues applying VX765, a well-established inhibitor of caspase 1. VX765 robustly restrains caspase 1-mediated interleukin-1β production and gasdermin D processing. Our study assigned VX765 a novel role in antagonizing NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. VX765 mitigates mitochondrial damage induced by activated NLRP3 inflammasome, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial ROS production and cytosolic release of mitochondrial DNA. VX765 blunts caspase 1-dependent cleavage and promotes mitochondrial recruitment and phosphorylation of Parkin, a key mitophagy regulator. Functionally, VX765 facilitates mitophagy, efferocytosis and M2 polarization of macrophages. It also impedes foam cell formation, migration and pyroptosis of macrophages. VX765 boosts autophagy, promotes efferocytosis, and alleviates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in both ApoE^−/− and Ldlr^−/− mice. However, these effects of VX765 were abrogated upon ablation of Nlrp3 in ApoE^−/− mice. This work provides mechanistic insights into NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and this inflammasome in dictating atherosclerosis. This study highlights that manipulation of caspase 1 paves a new avenue to treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Subject terms: Mitophagy, Atherosclerosis     

Heterogeneous Participant Recruitment for Comprehensive Vehicle Sensing

Widely distributed mobile vehicles wherein various sensing devices and wireless communication interfaces are installed bring vehicular participatory sensing into practice. However, the heterogeneity of vehicles in terms of sensing capability and mobility, and the participants’ expectations on the incentives blackmake the collection of comprehensive sensing data a challenging task. A sensing data quality-oriented optimal heterogeneous participant recruitment strategy is proposed in this paper for vehicular participatory sensing. In the proposed strategy, the differences between the sensing data requirements and the collected sensing data are modeled. An optimization formula is established to model the optimal participant recruitment problem, and a participant utility analysis scheme is built based on the sensing and mobility features of vehicles. Besides, a greedy algorithm is then designed according to the utility of vehicles to recruit the most efficient vehicles with a limited total incentive budget. Real trace-driven simulations show that the proposed strategy can collect 85.4% of available sensing data with 34% incentive budget.     

牛油果果实发育过程中营养物质含量变化研究

为确定牛油果的最佳采收期,阐明牛油果生长发育过程中营养物质的累积变化规律。该文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、灼烧法、茚三酮柱后衍生离子交换色谱法、回流提取法和GC-MS联用技术,研究了‘HASS''‘V3''和‘V4'' 3个品种牛油果果实中粗脂肪、氨基酸、矿质元素以及灰分在6—12月间的含量变化。结果表明:(1)3个品种牛油果中油脂的主要成分均为油酸,其中‘HASS''和‘V4''果实中的粗脂肪含量在12月达到峰值,而‘V3''果实中的粗脂肪含量则在10月达到峰值,之后有所下降。(2)3个品种牛油果中均含有17种氨基酸,包括7种人体必需氨基酸、2种儿童必需氨基酸以及8种人体非必需氨基酸,其中‘HASS''和‘V3''果实中的17种氨基酸含量在11月达到峰值,而V4的则在10月达到峰值。(3)3个品种牛油果中均含有磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、钠(Na)9种矿质元素,其中P、K、Zn、Fe、Na含量在10—12月累积至最大,其余4种矿质元素变化规律不明显。(4)灰分含量变化规律与粗脂肪相似。综上认为,3个品种牛油果的营养物质均在10月达到最佳值,可以根据需求进行采收。该研究结果为确定牛油果的最佳采收时间提供了科学依据。     

Importance of Environmental Black Carbon to Dissolved Petroleum Hydrocarbons Sorption on Soil

Importance of environmental black carbon (BC) to sorption of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons (DPH) on two soils with high BC:TOC ratios (33% and 11%, respectively) was evaluated at a relatively high concentrations (mg/L ～ μ g/L range). Sorption isotherms of DPH were determined for the two original soils and soils combusted at 375°C (only BC). The sorption isotherms of the original soils were linear, whereas the isotherms of the combusted soils were highly nonlinear (n _F = 0.45, 0.60). It is indicated that intrinsic BC-water sorption coefficient is not possible to be used to estimate total sorption to the original soil, even in our relatively high concentrations. From the sorption isotherms, Freundlich coefficient of environmental BC sorption, K _F,BC ^env of 10 ^{2.55 ± 0.21} was calculated and could be used as a generic starting point for environmental modeling purposes. From the data, it could be deduced that BC was responsible for 50% of the total sorption at concentrations of 45 and 4 μ g/L (μ g/L range), which were significantly higher than literature concentrations (ng/L range). These results demonstrate that in soil with high BC:TOC ratio BC is the most important geosorbent constituent with respect to sorption of DPH at relatively high concentrations ranged in μ g/L.     

生物制造高附加值乳糖衍生物的研究进展

乳糖来自于乳清,是奶酪行业的低附加值副产物.由于亚洲人普遍存在乳糖不耐受性,因此乳糖缺乏有效的经济增值途径.随着我国乳制品行业的不断发展,利用乳糖制备高附加值产品具有重要的经济价值和产业升级意义.本文就近年来发展的利用生物技术转化乳糖为稀少糖或益生寡糖的方法进行了综述,以期对该领域研究提供借鉴.     

京郊农业生物循环系统生态经济能值评估——以密云尖岩村为例

国内外学术界和决策者对于循环农业给予了相当关注,但关于循环农业研究,从产业经济角度进行定量分析目前仍处于相对匮乏状态.以京郊典型的尖岩村农业生物循环农业范式为案例,采用能值方法,以翔实的数据描述了从种植、养殖到食用菌生产的各个阶段能量输入与输出,通过能值评估指标体系判断在整个循环产业链条中,各生产环节对环境经济产生的影响,结果显示:(1)农业生物循环系统的能值投资率(2.57)较养殖(116.23)、食用菌子系统(158.73)低;环境负荷率(1.40)也较养殖子系统(7.24)、食用菌子系统(13)低,表明,该循环模式可减少对自然资源和外来经济投入的依赖,能够获得自身的资源补偿.(2)农业生物循环系统的净能值产出率和可持续发展指数较高,说明,该模式有较强的获利性,是较理想的产业系统,在北京郊区推广价值较高.     

Mitochondrial Sirtuins in Parkinson’s Disease

Neurochemical Research - Parkinson’s disease (PD), the main risk factor for which is age, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and imposes a substantial burden on affected...