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1.
Summary The distribution and storage of major elements in acid soils from a spruce and a beech forest was investigated after fertilization of NH4NO3 and KCl followed by Ca and Mg fertilization by 2 liming applications. All fertilizers were applied on top of the soil without mixing. Most of the added Ca and Mg was detected in the humus layer, a significant part of it still in carbonatic form. The effect of liming on mineral soil pH is very low, and was only observed in the 0–10 cm layer. However, base saturation of the mineral soil increased. The storage of C and N of the humus layer was not affected. N fertilization increased the N storage of the soil only under beech, but was followed by heavy NO3-losses with seepage water under spruce. High leaching rates for K were also found in the spruce stand. The amount of K that was not leached increased the pool of exchangeable K in the deeper soil layer. 相似文献
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Enhanced Mineral Uptake by Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor Roots Inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
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Inoculation of corn (Zea mays) seeds with Azospirillum brasilense strain Cd or Sp 7 significantly enhanced (30 to 50% over controls) the uptake of NO3−, K+, and H2PO4− into 3- to 4-day- and 2-week-old root segments. No gross changes in root morphology were observed; altered cell arrangement in the outer four or five layers of the cortex was seen in photomicrographs of cross sections of inoculated corn roots. The surface activity involved in ion uptake probably increased, as shown by the darker staining by methylene blue of the affected area. Shoot dry weight increased 20 to 30% in inoculated plants after 3 weeks, presumably by enhancement of mineral uptake. Corn and sorghum plants grown to maturity on limiting nutrients in the greenhouse showed improved growth from inoculation approaching that of plants grown on normal nutrient concentrations. Enhanced ion uptake may be a significant factor in the crop yield enhancement reported for Azospirillum inoculation. 相似文献
4.
Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) roots maintain nutrient uptake capacity under water stress 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Phosphorus and nitrogen uptake capacities were assessed during3658 d drying cycles to determine whether the abilityof sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) to absorb these nutrientschanged as the roots were subjected to increasing levels ofwater stress. Water was withheld from mature plants in large(6 I) containers and the uptake capacity of excised roots insolution was determined as soil water potentials decreased from0.03 MPa to 5.0 MPa. Phosphorus uptake rates of excised roots at given substrateconcentrations increased as preharvest soil water potentialsdecreased to 5.0 MPa. Vmax and Km also increased as soilwater potentials declined. Declining soil water potentials depressednitrogen uptake at set substrate concentrations, but uptakecapacity, calculated as the sum Vmax for both NH+4+NO3,did not change significantly with drying. The sum Vmax correlatedwith root nitrogen concentration. Root uptake capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus was extremelystable under severe water stress in this aridland shrub. Maintenanceof uptake capacity, coupled with a previously demonstrated abilityto conduct hydraulic lift, may enable A. tridentata better tomaintain nitrogen and phosphorus uptake as soil water availabilitydeclines. These mechanisms may be important in the ability ofA. tridentata to maintain growth, complete reproduction, andgain an advantage against competitors late in the season whenthe soil layers with higher nutrient availability are dry. Key words: Kinetics, nitrogen, phosphorus, roots, water stress 相似文献
5.
In many German forest soils low base saturation of CEC in deeper soil layers was reported and acidic deposition is seen as
the major cause of these findings. To test this hypothesis we sampled 5 New Zealand forest soils from pristine beech (Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri) sites under climatic and geological conditions comparable to higher elevations in Germany. The soils developed from granite
and greywacke. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and the exchangeable cations were extracted with 1M NH4Cl. The base saturation of all soil profiles was very low, even in deeper layers and was thus similar to the patterns found
in many German forest soils. The pH was generally higher in the New Zealand soils as compared to Germany. The reason for the
depletion of base cations in deeper soil layers of New Zealand forest soils is most likely the leaching of base cations with
HCO3
- resulting from the dissociation of carbonic acid in connection with high amounts of seepage. Thus, under high rainfall conditions,
the low base saturation found in deeper layers of forest soils cannot exclusively be attributed to the effects of acidic depositions
and land use. ei]Section editor: R F Huettl 相似文献
6.
The present study aims at characterizing plant water status under field conditions on a daily basis, in order to improve operational predictions of plant water stress. Ohm's law analog serves as a basis for establishing daily soil-plant relationships, using experimental data from a water-limited soybean crop: 227-1. The daily transpiration flux, T, is estimated from experimental evapotranspiration data and simulated soil evaporation values. The difference, 227-2, named the effective potential gradient, is derived from i) the midday leaf potential of the uppermost expanded leaves and ii) an effective soil potential accounting for soil potential profile and an effectiveness factor of roots competing for water uptake. This factor is experimentally estimated from field observation of roots. G is an apparent hydraulic conductance of water flow from the soil to the leaves. The value of the lower potential limit for water extraction, required to assess the effective soil potential, is calculated with respect to the plant using the predawn leaf potential. It is found to be equal to –1.2 MPa. It appears that over the range of soil and climatic conditions experienced, the daily effective potential gradient remains constant (1.2 MPa), implying that, on a daily basis, transpiration only depends on the hydraulic conductance. The authors explain this behaviour by diurnal variation of osmotic potential, relying on Morgan's theory (1984). Possible generalization of the results to other crop species is suggested, providing a framework for reasoning plant water behaviour at a daily time step. 相似文献
7.
Azospirillum brasilense was attracted to capillaries containing either phosphate buffer, distilled water, or saline. The number of bacteria in these capillaries was 3–4×104, after 1 h of incubation. In the presence of phosphate buffer + attractants, the number of cells accumulated in the capillary increased only to 5×104–1.1×105 cells. It was not possible, therefore, to measure chemotaxis inA. brasilense as distinct from aerotaxis by the capillary method. Chemotaxis was observed in semi-solid agar plates and was determined by a growth band oriented towards the attractant. Positive chemotactic response was obtained with peptone, tryptone, yeast extract, amino acids, organic acids, arabinose and galactose. 相似文献
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Eugene P. Parsons Sigal Popopvsky Gregory T. Lohrey Sharon Alkalai‐Tuvia Yaacov Perzelan Paul Bosland Penelope J. Bebeli Ilan Paran Elazar Fallik Matthew A. Jenks 《Physiologia plantarum》2013,149(2):160-174
Pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits are covered by a relatively thick coating of cuticle that limits fruit water loss, a trait previously associated with maintenance of postharvest fruit quality during commercial marketing. To shed light on the chemical‐compositional diversity of cuticles in pepper, the fruit cuticles from 50 diverse pepper genotypes from a world collection were screened for both wax and cutin monomer amount and composition. These same genotypes were also screened for fruit water loss rate and this was tested for associations with cuticle composition. Our results revealed an unexpectedly large amount of variation for the fruit cuticle lipids, with a more than 14‐fold range for total wax amounts and a more than 16‐fold range for cutin monomer amounts between the most extreme accessions. Within the major wax constituents fatty acids varied from 1 to 46%, primary alcohols from 2 to 19%, n‐alkanes from 13 to 74% and triterpenoids and sterols from 10 to 77%. Within the cutin monomers, total hexadecanoic acids ranged from 54 to 87%, total octadecanoic acids ranged from 10 to 38% and coumaric acids ranged from 0.2 to 8% of the total. We also observed considerable differences in water loss among the accessions, and unique correlations between water loss and cuticle constituents. The resources described here will be valuable for future studies of the physiological function of fruit cuticle, for the identification of genes and QTLs associated with fruit cuticle synthesis in pepper fruit, and as a starting point for breeding improved fruit quality in pepper. 相似文献
10.
Yaacov Zvi Frohwein Zipporah Dafni Morton Friedman Richard I. Mateles 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(3):679-680
A mutant unable to grow under acidic conditions was isolated from the acidophilic heterotrophic bacterium Acidiphilium facilis 24R. The growth of the mutant could be fully restored by the addition of spermidine or lysine at the concentration of 100 μm. The HPLC analysis of polyamine composition showed that spermidine and putrescine were major polyamine components in the parental strain. In the mutant strain, putrescine was replaced by cadaverine. It was found that some polyamines in the cells were conjugated with the other cell components. The growth of the bacterium in the medium below pH 4.5 was inhibited in the presence of α-methylornithine or methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), which are inhibitors of rate-limiting enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. The growth of the bacterium that had been inhibited in the presence of inhibitors could be fully restored by the addition of putrescine or spermidine. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that polyamines have a significant role in the growth of Acidiphilium facilis 24R under acidic conditions. 相似文献