Early intervention in psychosis: concepts,evidence and future directions

The rise of the early intervention paradigm in psychotic disorders represents a maturing of the therapeutic approach in psychiatry, as it embraces practical preventive strategies which are firmly established in mainstream health care. Early intervention means better access and systematic early delivery of existing and incremental improvements in knowledge rather than necessarily requiring dramatic and elusive breakthroughs. A clinical staging model has proven useful and may have wider utility in psychiatry. The earliest clinical stages of psychotic disorder are non-specific and multidimensional and overlap phenotypically with the initial stages of other disorders. This implies that treatment should proceed in a stepwise fashion depending upon safety, response and progression. Withholding treatment until severe and less reversible symptomatic and functional impairment have become entrenched represents a failure of care. While early intervention in psychosis has developed strongly in recent years, many countries have made no progress at all, and others have achieved only sparse coverage. The reform process has been substantially evidence-based, arguably more so than other system reforms in mental health. However, while evidence is necessary, it is insufficient. It is also a by-product as well as a catalyst of reform. In early psychosis, we have also seen the evidence-based paradigm misused to frustrate overdue reform. Mental disorders are the chronic diseases of the young, with their onset and maximum impact in late adolescence and early adult life. A broader focus for early intervention would solve many of the second order issues raised by the early psychosis reform process, such as diagnostic uncertainty despite a clear-cut need for care, stigma and engagement, and should be more effective in mobilizing community support. Early intervention represents a vital and challenging project for early adopters in global psychiatry to consider.     

应用白僵菌防治玉米螟的田间试验

玉米螟是我省粮食作物上的重要害虫,利用化学农药(滴滴涕、六六六)治螟,已在生产上推广使用(邱式邦等,1963;农安县柴岗公社农业站等,1966)。随着近年来防治面积的扩大,使用农药数量日益增多。同时,从国内、外发展趋势表明,由于大量生产和使用有机氯等化学农药防治害虫带来了一系列不良后果(如残毒,抗药性及环境污染等问题),因此,迫切要求研究治螟的新方     

Allosteric Properties of Acetylcholinesterase

SEVERAL reports^1–3 have suggested that cholinergic ligands bind to acetylcholinesterase at sites distinct from the active centre. Changeux et al.⁴ demonstrated that acetylcholine binds to non-catalytic sites as well as to the active centre of the enzyme. Atropine arid 1-hyoscyamine have also been shown to interact with the enzyme at a region distinct from the active site^{5, 6}. We have therefore investigated whether acetylcholine and atropine are bound to the same site and whether this site is related to the acetylcholine receptor.     

两种松毛虫黑卵蜂的初步研究

1.本文主要研究松毛虫卵的两种黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimusi Chu及Teleno-mus sp.,Scelionidae,Hymenoptera)的生物学特性;及1954—55年江苏南京和浙江常山等地林间的寄生情况,同时对松毛虫卵及黑卵蜂的冷藏也进行了试验。 2.两种黑卵蜂中,松毛虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimusi Chu)与毒蛾黑卵蜂(Telenomus sp.)不但在形态上有所不同。而且在生活习性及各期虫态对低温的反应上亦各异,证明它们确系不同的两种。毒蛾黑卵蜂在我国系首次记载寄生于松毛虫卵中,现知在江苏南京、江宁,浙江常山及广东广州均有分布,在南京的黑卵蜂中占80％以上。 3.毒蛾黑卵蜂以幼虫态在寄主卵内越冬,利于冬季生存。越冬代成虫羽化时间接近松毛虫第1代卵出现期。且有松毒蛾(Lymantria sp.,Lymantriidae,Lepidoptera)作为补充寄主。这些特性均较松毛虫黑卵蜂为优。 4.室内外饲育结果,知松毛虫黑卵蜂在南京年可发生10—12代,毒蛾黑卵蜂年有8—9代,性比雌蜂占80％左右,毒蛾黑卵蜂破坏寄主卵粒平均为30粒左右比松毛虫黑卵蜂平均15粒左右为高。产卵期较集中,且在室内容易繁殖。 5.从发育1天的松毛虫卵冷藏于4℃冰箱中1个月不影响毒蛾黑卵蜂的寄生发育。毒蛾黑卵蜂在4℃冰箱中冷藏,以老熟幼虫为最好,冷藏1个月后,对其产生后代数无影     

MetaGen: 从KEGG建模代谢网络的新工具

为便于大规模代谢网络的计算,发展了一款方便实用的工具:MetaGen,对Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genesand Genomes(KEGG)中物种特异的各层次代谢系统进行建模,生成的代谢网络以酶图和通路图的方式表示.利用该工具,对人类代谢系统的bow-tie结构进行了初步研究,并以此为例展示了该工具广阔的应用前景.MetaGen利用KEGGweb服务保证建模数据的可靠性,依靠本地关系数据库加速网络建模过程并提供更多的数据管理和利用方式,并结合高级JAVA技术提高代码的可扩展性.MetaGen完全开源,可直接从http://bnct.sourceforge.net/下载.     

A test of biotic interactions among two alpine plant species in Australia

This study examines the extent to which interactions among two common alpine/subalpine plant species and their neighbours at the Bogong High Plains in southern Australia are characterized by competition or facilitation. The two target species were Celmisia pugioniformis (Asteraceae) and Carex breviculmis (Cyperaceae). Biotic interactions were examined using vegetation removal manipulations over three growing seasons at five sites across the altitudinal range of tall alpine herbfield communities. Observations recorded growth and mortality. Results for C. pugioniformis clearly indicated facilitation as a dominant process across all sites and seasons. Plants that had their neighbours removed tended to perform worse than plants that had their neighbours left intact. Growth observations for Ca. breviculmis were less clear, but again suggested facilitation. Mortality was distinctly higher among Ca. breviculmis individuals that had their neighbours removed relative to those with neighbours left intact. Results collectively suggest the removal of neighbours acts to reduce growth and increase mortality in C. pugioniformis and Ca. breviculmis throughout the altitudinal range of tall alpine herbfields at the Bogong High Plains. Facilitative and competitive interactions need to be recognized in efforts aimed at mitigating climate change‐associated impacts on the ecology of alpine plant communities. The extent to which biotic interactions may exacerbate or buffer abiotic change is difficult to predict, emphasizing the need for ecological monitoring.     

The effect of barban on shoot formation in tobacco callus cultures

Shoot formation in tobacco callus was completely inhibited bythe presence of barban in the media during the first 2 daysof culture. Callus transferred to media containing barban from4th to the 12th day showed progressively less inhibition. Similarresults were obtained with GA₃. ¹Present address: Biology Department, Chung Chi College, TheChinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong ²Present address: Plant Hormone & Regulator Pioneering ResearchLab., U.S. Dept. Agric, Crops Res. Div., Beltsville, Md., U.S.A. (Received April 21, 1970; )