Studies on the destruction of indole-3-acetic acid by a species of Arthrobacter IV. Decomposition products

Products of IAA decomposition by IAA destroying enzyme-inducedand non-induced cells of Arthrobacter sp. were examined. Catecholand pyrogallol, and 3-methyldioxindole were respectively identifiedfor non-induced and induced cells. Exogenous catechol was readilyoxidized by induced cells, but was not oxidized by non-inducedcells. Exogenous pyrogallol, 3-methyldioxindole, indole-3-aldehyde,skatole, 2,3-dihydroxindole, 3-methyleneoxindole, o-aminoacetophenone,3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, anthranilic acid and salicylic acidwere oxidized by neither induced nor non-induced cells. (Received June 16, 1969; )     

Ancient genome‐wide admixture extends beyond the current hybrid zone between Macaca fascicularis and M. mulatta

Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta are two of the most commonly used laboratory macaques, yet their genetic differences at a genome‐wide level remain unclear. We analysed the multilocus DNA sequence data of 54 autosomal loci obtained from M. fascicularis samples from three different geographic origins and M. mulatta samples of Burmese origin. M. fascicularis shows high nucleotide diversity, four to five times higher than humans, and a strong geographic population structure between Indonesian‐Malaysian and Philippine macaques. The pattern of divergence and polymorphism between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta shows a footprint of genetic exchange not only within their current hybrid zone but also across a wider range for more than 1 million years. However, genetic admixture may not be a random event in the genome. Whereas randomly selected genic and intergenic regions have the same evolutionary dynamics between the species, some cytochrome oxidase P450 (CYP) genes (major chemical metabolizing genes and potential target genes for local adaptation) have a significantly larger species divergence than other genes. By surveying CYP3A5 gene sequences of more than a hundred macaques, we identified three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms that were highly differentiated between the macaques. The mosaic pattern of species divergence in the genomes may be a consequence of genetic differentiation under ecological adaptation and may be a salient feature in the genomes of nascent species under parapatry.