嗜线虫致病杆菌抑制灰葡萄孢的效应

[背景] 灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）是引起葡萄采后病害的主要病原菌之一,严重影响葡萄的贮期和品质,给葡萄产业带来极大损失。利用拮抗微生物抑制采后病原菌生长已逐渐成为防治葡萄采后灰霉病的重要手段。[目的] 利用昆虫病原线虫共生细菌广谱高效的抑菌特性,从现有共生细菌资源中筛选对灰葡萄孢具有高拮抗作用的菌株,为葡萄采后灰霉病的抑制提供新的材料和研究方向。[方法] 通过平板对峙培养法和菌丝生长速率法分离筛选拮抗共生细菌,并对优选的高效拮抗共生细菌进行16S rRNA基因序列进化分析,采用扫描电镜观察其对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长的影响,利用损伤接种法对红地球葡萄防治效果进行验证。[结果] 初步分离筛选共获得9株拮抗菌,复筛与复测得到一株抑菌效果显著的共生细菌（命名为ALL）,经进化分析其为嗜线虫致病杆菌（Xenorhabdus nematophila）,其16S rRNA基因序列的Genbank登录号为MW488402,与菌株Xenorhabdus nematophi la NC116聚于同一分支,相似性达99.79%。扫描电镜观察该菌株导致灰葡萄孢菌丝扭曲变形、表面皱缩、失水塌陷,该菌株发酵（36 h）上清液浓度为1%时对灰葡萄孢菌丝抑制率达44.5%。在葡萄常温防效实验中,与对照组比较,ALL菌株发酵上清液对灰霉菌防治效果较好,3 d后防效为63.50%。[结论] 本研究应用昆虫病原线虫共生细菌生物防治葡萄贮期灰霉病,筛选出一株高效拮抗灰葡萄孢的昆虫病原线虫共生细菌,而且其上清液对灰葡萄孢具有良好的抑制效果,为生物防治贮期葡萄灰霉病提供了新的生物材料和相关研究基础。     

梨火疫病拮抗菌筛选及温室防效测定

【背景】梨火疫病是由梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora)引起的细菌性病害,对苹果、梨、山楂等40余属220多种植物危害极大。近年来,与中国毗邻的中亚多国相继暴发梨火疫病。梨火疫病菌成为国内特别是对新疆地区的特高风险有害生物,梨火疫病已被中国农业农村部列入《一类农作物病虫害名录》。【目的】从新疆本土材料以及实验室现有菌株中进行梨火疫病菌拮抗菌株的筛选,为梨火疫病的防控奠定基础。【方法】采用平板对峙法从新疆香梨种植区土壤及实验室现有菌株中分离、筛选具有显著拮抗效果的菌株,通过生理生化特性分析和16SrRNA基因测序等方法对菌株进行初步鉴定,并采用牛津杯扩散法对抑菌效果进行复筛。利用两年生盆栽杜梨苗对拮抗菌进行温室内保护型和治疗型防效测定。【结果】筛选获得11株具有显著拮抗作用的菌株,均为革兰氏阳性菌。其中9株为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、2株为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)。平板对峙实验结果表明贝莱斯芽胞杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) JE7、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) LP1和植物乳杆菌LP2拮抗作用较强,其次为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌JE4。生理特性实验结果表明:JE4、JE7可在NaCl浓度为1%-7%时生长,JE4、JE7在pH 4.0-9.0时生长,LP1可在NaCl浓度为1%-9%时生长,在pH 5.0-9.0时生长良好。温室防效测定结果显示,贝莱斯芽胞杆菌JE4防效最佳,可达到73%以上。【结论】筛选获得一批梨火疫病拮抗菌,其中部分菌株在温室内防效显著并具有较强的盐碱耐受能力。     

基于系统动力学的城市住区形态变迁对城市代谢效率的影响

改革开放以来我国的城市化率急速提高,城市住区形态变迁呈现出大规模、翻新频率快和多样化的特点。研究不同城市住区形态变迁前后的代谢效率变化,对我国的可持续人居环境构建有着重大的意义。运用功能分类法设计了城市代谢系统分类框架作为构建城市代谢系统动力学模型的基础,继而通过对住区与住区形态的文献调研与形态分析,将典型住区类型分为旧式住区、传统单位住区、普通商品房住区、新式商品房住区与半城市化住区。选择厦门市为研究区域,采用调查问卷进行了数据收集,并用能值分析法计算出不同住区类型的代谢效率,随后用Vensim软件构建了住区形态变迁对城市代谢效率影响的系统动力学模型。通过情景模拟后发现:住区形态的更迭过程基本上都会带来福利效率的提升,但在很多情况下会给城市整体物质代谢效率带来负面影响,交通效率与住房效率的下滑是最主要的原因。旧式住区向半城市化住区转变是仅有一个城市整体物质代谢效率提高的情景。半城市化住区和普通商品房住区向新式商品房住区转变的情景下,城市整体物质代谢效率的下降幅度与福利效率的增长幅度都较为适中。     

Morphological Background Detection and Illumination Normalization of Text Image with Poor Lighting

In this paper, some morphological transformations are used to detect the unevenly illuminated background of text images characterized by poor lighting, and to acquire illumination normalized result. Based on morphologic Top-Hat transform, the uneven illumination normalization algorithm has been carried out, and typically verified by three procedures. The first procedure employs the information from opening based Top-Hat operator, which is a classical method. In order to optimize and perfect the classical Top-Hat transform, the second procedure, featuring the definition of multi direction illumination notion, utilizes opening by reconstruction and closing by reconstruction based on multi direction structuring elements. Finally, multi direction images are merged to the final even illumination image. The performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated and verified through the processing of different ideal synthetic and camera collected images, with backgrounds characterized by poor lighting conditions.     

不同饲喂下棉铃虫肠道内生菌的分离鉴定及脱毒效果研究

[目的]本研究对比饲喂正常饲料和棉粕饲料下棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)肠道中可培养微生物的异同,并对筛选菌株进行棉酚耐受及降解作用的研究,为棉铃虫肠道微生物在棉源饲料中的脱毒作用提供理论和实验支持.[方法]通过饲喂不同饲料、醋酸棉酚单一碳源微生物选择性培养,分离饲喂正常饲料和棉粕饲料下棉铃虫肠道可...     

miR-29b ameliorates atrial fibrosis in rats with atrial fibrillation by targeting TGFβRΙ and inhibiting the activation of Smad-2/3 pathway

Objective

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of stroke with lifetime risks. microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with AF attenuation, yet the mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the functional mechanism of miR-29b in atrial fibrosis in AF.

Methods

The AF rat model was established by a 7-day intravenous injection of Ach-CaCl₂ mixture. AF rats were injected with adeno-associated virus (AAv)-miR-29b and TGFβRΙ overexpression plasmid. AF duration was recorded by electrocardiogram. Atrial fibrosis was observed by Masson staining. Expressions of COL1A1, COL3A1, TGFβRΙ, TGFβΙ, miR-29b and Smad-2/3 pathway-related proteins in atrial tissues were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Binding sites of miR-29b and TGFβRΙ were predicted and their target relationship was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

miR-29b was poorly expressed and expressions of COL1A1, COL3A1, TGFβRΙ, and TGFβ1 were increased in atrial tissues of AF rats. miR-29b overexpression alleviated atrial fibrosis, reduced expressions of COL1A1, COL3A1, and TGFβ1, and shortened AF duration in AF rats. TGFβRΙ was highly expressed in atrial tissues of AF rats. miR-29b targeted TGFβRΙ. TGFβRΙ overexpression overcame the improving effect of miR-29b overexpression on AF. miR-29b overexpression decreased ratios of p-Smad-2/3 and Smad-2/3 and inhibited the Smad-2/3 pathway.

Conclusion

miR-29b might mitigate atrial fibrosis in AF rats by targeting TGFβRΙ and inhibiting the Smad-2/3 pathway.

     

Dual regulation of microglia and neurons by Astragaloside IV‐mediated mTORC1 suppression promotes functional recovery after acute spinal cord injury

Inflammation and neuronal apoptosis contribute to the progression of secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are targets for SCI therapy; autophagy is reported to suppress apoptosis in neuronal cells and M2 polarization may attenuate inflammatory response in microglia, while both are negatively regulated by mTORC1 signalling. We hypothesize that mTORC1 suppression may have dual effects on inflammation and neuronal apoptosis and may be a feasible approach for SCI therapy. In this study, we evaluate a novel inhibitor of mTORC1 signalling, Astragaloside IV (AS‐IV), in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that AS‐IV may suppress mTORC1 signalling both in neuronal cells and microglial cells in vitro and in vivo. AS‐IV treatment may stimulate autophagy in neuronal cells and protect them against apoptosis through autophagy regulation; it may also promote M2 polarization in microglial cells and attenuate neuroinflammation. In vivo, rats were intraperitoneally injected with AS‐IV (10 mg/kg/d) after SCI, behavioural and histological evaluations showed that AS‐IV may promote functional recovery in rats after SCI. We propose that mTORC1 suppression may attenuate both microglial inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis and promote functional recovery after SCI, while AS‐IV may become a novel therapeutic medicine for SCI.     

京津风沙源区NPP时空变化及其对治理工程实施的响应

利用遥感大数据对生态治理工程区域的净初级生产力和固碳能力进行长期动态监测可以实现对治理工程的实施效果的评价,同时为区域“碳中和”目标的实现及可持续发展提供有力支撑。利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)云计算平台,基于改进的CASA模型对京津风沙源治理工程区域的NPP进行计算。运用Sen斜率分析和MK趋势分析方法对2001—2020年间的NPP进行时空变化分析,并分析NPP对京津风沙源治理工程实施的响应。结果表明：1)在京津风沙源工程治理期间,京津风沙源区NPP总体呈波动上升趋势,平均增速为2.21 gC m^-2 a^-1,其中极显著增加区域占38.03%,说明京津风沙源治理工程对我国“碳中和”任务起到了积极作用,增加了区域的固碳能力;2)空间尺度上,京津风沙源区NPP和固碳量空间异质性较大,空间分布上主要呈现东部高,西部低的特点,其中,暖温带落叶阔叶林区域最高,温带荒漠区域最低;3)治理工程的实施所带来的NPP增长的速度在不同的区域并不一致,2001—2020年的NPP增速京津冀地区(4.74 gC m^-2...     

库尔勒香梨黑斑病菌拮抗菌筛选及其抑菌机理

【背景】由互隔交链孢(Alternaria alternata)引起的黑斑病是库尔勒香梨采后贮期的主要病害之一,严重影响果实品质,造成巨大的经济损失。【目的】筛选对梨黑斑病菌具有高拮抗活性的菌株并探究其可能的抑菌机制,为香梨采后保鲜提供理论依据。【方法】从库尔勒香梨园健康植株根际采集土壤样品,采用稀释涂布法分离细菌并进行纯化,通过平板对峙法和琼脂打孔法筛选对梨黑斑病菌具有显著拮抗作用的菌株,结合形态学观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行初步鉴定;通过平板对峙法对拮抗菌抑菌谱进行测定;采用特异性平板定性检测拮抗菌产酶活性,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法法及福林-酚法定量酶活;通过孢子萌发抑制试验和扫描电镜观察,测定拮抗菌对梨黑斑病菌的拮抗作用。【结果】筛选得到2株对梨黑斑病菌有较强抑制活性的菌株JE53和JE56,经分析鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)及枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),其发酵上清液对梨黑斑病菌的抑菌圈直径分别为22.49 mm和22.40 mm。抑菌谱测定结果表明,菌株JE53和JE56对马铃薯黑痣病菌等9种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。胞外酶测定结果显示这2株菌可产生4种胞外酶;其发酵上清液能够显著抑制病原菌孢子萌发,抑制率分别为70.30%和88.87%;扫描电镜发现这2株菌可导致病原菌菌丝表面粗糙、扭曲变形。【结论】JE53和JE56对梨黑斑病菌有较好的抑制效果,具有进一步开发和应用的潜力。     

Novel paradigms of macrophage biology and function: identification of disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Cell Biology and Toxicology -