Complete ammonia oxidization in agricultural soils: High ammonia fertilizer loss but low N2O production

The contribution of agriculture to the sustainable development goals requires climate-smart and profitable farm innovations. Increasing the ammonia fertilizer applications to meet the global food demands results in high agricultural costs, environmental quality deterioration, and global warming, without a significant increase in crop yield. Here, we reported that a third microbial ammonia oxidation process, complete ammonia oxidation (comammox), is contributing to a significant ammonia fertilizer loss (41.9 ± 4.8%) at the rate of 3.53 ± 0.55 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ in agricultural soils around the world. The contribution of comammox to ammonia fertilizer loss, occurring mainly in surface agricultural soil profiles (0–0.2 m), was equivalent to that of bacterial ammonia oxidation (48.6 ± 4.5%); both processes were significantly more important than archaeal ammonia oxidation (9.5 ± 3.6%). In contrast, comammox produced less N₂O (0.98 ± 0.44 μg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹, 11.7 ± 3.1%), comparable to that produced by archaeal ammonia oxidation (16.4 ± 4.4%) but significantly lower than that of bacterial ammonia oxidation (72.0 ± 5.1%). The efficiency of ammonia conversion to N₂O by comammox (0.02 ± 0.01%) was evidently lower than that of bacterial (0.24 ± 0.06%) and archaeal (0.16 ± 0.04%) ammonia oxidation. The comammox rate increased with increasing soil pH values, which is the only physicochemical characteristic that significantly influenced both comammox bacterial abundance and rates. Ammonia fertilizer loss, dominated by comammox and bacterial ammonia oxidation, was more intense in soils with pH >6.5 than in soils with pH <6.5. Our results revealed that comammox plays a vital role in ammonia fertilizer loss and sustainable development in agroecosystems that have been previously overlooked for a long term.     

7年穿透雨减少对锐齿槲栎光合固碳及生物量碳储量的影响

气候变化背景下不断加剧的干旱事件对树木的生长及碳积累产生显著影响。然而,树木光合固碳能力及生物量碳储量对相对长期干旱的连续响应机制的研究仍然有限。选择70年生的天然锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)林,探究长期模拟穿透雨减少对锐齿槲栎光合固碳潜力和生物量碳储量的影响。研究结果表明,连续7年的穿透雨减少处理显著降低了锐齿槲栎的光合固碳能力,其叶片净光合速率(A)、最大羧化速率(V_cmax)、最大电子传递速率(J_max)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均明显降低,且穿透雨减少处理增强了A与气孔导度(g_s)、J_max、F_v/F_m之间的相关性。在适应长期干旱过程中,锐齿槲栎通过增加比叶面积(SLA)、叶片栅栏组织与海绵组织的比值、气孔密度等叶片形态及结构特性变化,降低冠层叶面积(LAI)指数和蒸腾水分散失及提高水分利用效率(WUE)缓解和适应干旱胁迫的不利影响。但是,长期穿透雨减少仍...     

豆类炭疽病病原物种类及其发生研究进展

炭疽病是重要的世界性植物病害,造成大豆、绿豆等品质变劣,产量损失严重。本文综述了国内外大豆炭疽病的发生情况、炭疽菌种类及其特征,为了解该病的流行病学和科学防治提供理论依据。     

橡胶树橡胶生物合成调控相关基因的表达相关性分析

该文通过q PCR获得了正常割胶条件下,9个茉莉酸信号途径关键环节基因Hb COI1、Hb JAZ1、Hb JAZ2、Hb JAZ3、Hb MYC1、Hb MYC2、Hb MYC3、Hb MYC4、Hb MYC5和6个橡胶生物合成相关基因Hb HRT2、Hb SRPP、HbREF、Hb HMGR1、Hb HRT1、Hb GAPDH在5个橡胶树魏克汉种质和5个1981’IRRDB种质胶乳中的表达数据;通过皮尔逊相关系数分析了这15个基因彼此间的表达相关性,分别获得105对基因的双变量相关系数(r12)和偏相关系数(r12.3),所有105对基因的双变量相关系数(︱r12︱)和偏相关系数(︱r12.3︱)的平均值分别为0.486±0.220和0.304±0.211,达到0.05的差异显著水平。其中,r12与r12.3方向相同的63对(60%),方向相反的42对(40%);︱r12︱<︱r12. 3︱的23对(21. 905%),︱r12︱>︱r12.3︱的82对(78.095%);双变量相关显著性P<0.05的76对(72.38%),P<0.01的59对(56.19...     

~（60）Co－γ射线诱变钝顶螺旋藻的研究

用不同剂量的６０Ｃｏ－γ射线诱变钝顶螺旋藻Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ出发株（Ｓｐ）ＩＳ－９００１０,筛选获得两株抗高光抑制突变株（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０和（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１,然后比较出发株和突变株的一般形态和生理生化特性。出发株和突变株的一般形态有较大的差异,与出发株相比,两个突变株藻丝体显著变短,螺旋数目大大减小。出发株是对高光敏感的品系,而突变株表现明显的抗高光抑制,１３０００ｌｘ光强下出发株和两个突变株的代时分别为２９．４、２０．８和２２．２ｈ。（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１的光合作用和呼吸作用与出发株相似,而（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０明显地表现出高光合、低呼吸作用。突变株和出发株都属于中温品系,最适温度为２８℃,具有较广的温度适应范围（２３～３５℃）以及相同的耐盐性,但突变株的生长速率比出发株快、代时短。此外三者的蛋白质含量、氨基酸组成差别不大：（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１的可溶性多糖比出发株减少４０％。而在（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０中其含量提高６０％。     

Biological role of MicroRNA-103 based on expression profile and target genes analysis in pigs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed RNAs consisting of 20–24 nucleotides. These molecules are thought to repress protein translation by binding to target mRNAs. However, biological functions have not been assigned to most of the 175 porcine miRNAs registered in miRBase (release 15.0). In an effort to uncover miR-103 important in pigs, we examined the integrative tissue expression profile and gene ontology (GO) term enrichment of predicted target genes to determine the global biological functions of miR-103. Our results demonstrated that miR-103 is involved in various biological processes including brain development, lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, hematopoiesis, and immunity. Moreover, we also experimentally verified effects of miR-103 in porcine preadipocytes. miR-103 levels increased in differentiating adipocytes, and inhibition of miR-103 effectively inhibited preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, mRNA levels of the putative miR-103 target RAI14 were higher in miR-103 inhibitor-treated adipocytes. These results demonstrate that miR-103 is involved in porcine preadipocyte differentiation and may act through the putative target gene RAI14. In a word, our data provide new insights into the global biological role of miR-103.     

背角无齿蚌晶杆的扫描电镜观察

本文应用扫描电镜的方法,对背角无齿蚌的晶杆进行了研究。结果表明：晶杆外形似圆柱状,可分为二部分,即前端膨大的头部和其后渐细的杆状部。前者分左右两瓣,略弯曲,与杆状部形成一个锐角,表面呈“蜂窝状”,似一种膜性结构,其上吸附有大量的消化酶和粘液;后者两侧有凹槽,表面具许多凹陷小坑,多为圆形或卵圆形,大小不一,深浅不同,且排列不规则。未凹陷处也粗糙不平。晶杆的功能主要是搅拌和消化食物。同时,本文对晶杆结构与功能的关系也进行了讨论。     

Solid Phase Synthesis of Phosphopeptides Incorporating 2,2-Dimethyloxazolidine Pseudoproline Analogs: Evidence for <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis> Leu-Pro Peptide Bonds in Stat3 Inhibitors

To answer the question of whether the conformation of the Leu-Pro bond is cis or trans in Ac-pTyr-Leu-Pro-Gln-Thr-Val-NH₂ when complexed with the SH2 domain of Stat3, we substituted 2,2-dimethyloxazolidines derived from serine (Ser(Ψ^Me,Mepro)) and threonine (Thr(Ψ^Me,Mepro)) for proline. The 2,2-dimethyloxazolidine and 2,2-dimethylthiazolidine pseudoproline (ΨPro) analogs induce predominantly cis Xxx-ΨPro peptide bonds. As these ΨPro analogs are acid-labile, the phosphopeptides were synthesized using Fmoc-based SPPS using unprotected phosphotyrosine and 4-hydroxybenzoate as the linker that allowed release from the support by alkaline ammonolysis, conditions that kept the oxazolidine rings intact. Incorporation of Ser(Ψ^Me,Mepro) resulted in 69% cis Leu-ΨPro bond content in aqueous solution whereas that for Thr(Ψ^Me,Mepro) analog was 63%. Affinities for Stat3 were 3–5 fold lower than the lead compound and were inversely correlated with cis content. Thus we conclude that the Leu-Pro peptide bond is trans when the peptide is bound to Stat3.     

基于1H-NMR及GC-MS的中国块菌及其共生云南松的代谢物分析

采用代谢组学技术研究中国块菌(云南黑松露)及其共生云南松的小分子活性代谢产物.运用核磁共振(1H-NMR)和气相质谱(GC-MS)两种技术,分析新鲜中国块菌成熟子实体及松根的代谢成分;将1H-NMR及GC-MS数据导入SMICA-P软件进行多元统计分析,比较二者的差异代谢物.在块菌子实体及松根中分别共检测到了苏氨酸、甘...