Phylogenetics of Tribe Collabieae (Orchidaceae,Epidendroideae) Based on Four Chloroplast Genes with Morphological Appraisal

Collabieae (Orchidaceae) is a long neglected tribe with confusing tribal and generic delimitation and little-understood phylogenetic relationships. Using plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, and trnH-psbA DNA sequences and morphological evidence, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Collabieae were assessed as a basis for revising their tribal and generic delimitation. Collabieae (including the previously misplaced mycoheterotrophic Risleya) is supported as monophyletic and nested within a superclade that also includes Epidendreae, Podochileae, Cymbidieae and Vandeae. Risleya is nested in Collabiinae and sister to Chrysoglossum, a relationship which, despite their great vegetative differences, is supported by floral characters. Ania is a distinct genus supported by both morphological and molecular evidence, while redefined Tainia includes Nephelaphyllum and Mischobulbum. Calanthe is paraphyletic and consists four clades; the genera Gastrorchis, Phaius and Cephalantheropsis should be subsumed within Calanthe. Calanthe sect. Ghiesbreghtia is nested within sect. Calanthe, to which the disputed Calanthe delavayi belongs as well. Our results indicate that, in Collabieae, habit evolved from being epiphytic to terrestrial.     

Enhanced viability of Lactobacillus reuteri for probiotics production in mixed solid-state fermentation in the presence of Bacillus subtilis

In order to develop a multi-microbe probiotic preparation of Lactobacillus reuteri G8-5 and Bacillus subtilis MA139 in solid-state fermentation, a series of parameters were optimized sequentially in shake flask culture. The effect of supplementation of B. subtilis MA139 as starters on the viability of L. reuteri G8-5 was also explored. The results showed that the optimized process was as follows: water content, 50 %; initial pH of diluted molasses, 6.5; inocula volume, 2 %; flask dry contents, 30～35 g/250 g without sterilization; and fermentation time, 2 days. The multi-microbial preparations finally provided the maximum concentration of Lactobacillus of about 9.01?±?0.15 log CFU/g and spores of Bacillus of about 10.30?±?0.08 log CFU/g. Compared with pure fermentation of L. reuteri G8-5, significantly high viable cells, low value of pH, and reducing sugar in solid substrates were achieved in mixed fermentation in the presence of B. subtilis MA139 (P?<?0.05). Meanwhile, the mixed fermentation showed the significantly higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli K88 (P?<?0.05). Based on the overall results, the optimized process enhanced the production of multi-microbe probiotics in solid-state fermentation with low cost. Moreover, the viability of L. reuteri G8-5 could be significantly enhanced in the presence of B. subtilis MA139 in solid-state fermentation, which favored the production of probiotics for animal use.     

伦敦白胶和茶：一种既快又安全的用于透射电子显微镜的细菌样品制备方法

【目的】检测乌龙茶提取物是否可作为电子染色剂取代醋酸双氧铀用于细菌细胞染色,使其能在透射电子显微镜下进行观察。【方法】利用伦敦白胶对细菌样品(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)进行胶块的制备,再在复染铅与不复染铅这两种情况下对超薄切片样品进行3种不同染色剂的电子染色,之后在透射电子显微镜下观察比较其不同之处。这3种不同的染色剂分别是醋酸双氧铀、0.05%乌龙茶提取物以及0.1%乌龙茶提取物。首先将带有超薄切片样品的铜网悬浮于不同的待比较染液中10?15 min,若需进一步用柠檬酸铅复染,则将经3次蒸馏水冲洗过后的铜网再次悬浮于柠檬酸铅染液中8?10 min。【结果】复染铅的情况下,在透射电子显微镜下无论是大肠杆菌还是金黄色葡萄球菌,利用3种电子染色剂进行染色的结果均非常相似。【结论】实验结果表明,在观察细菌结构中,乌龙茶提取物可以替代醋酸双氧铀进行透射电子显微镜样品的电子染色。     

烯效唑对沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了烯效唑对沉水植物伊乐藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,烯效唑可以刺激伊乐藻新芽萌发,新生枝条节间距减小,叶片紧密,同时烯效唑对成熟枝条的生长具有明显的抑制作用。低浓度（≤1．0mg／L）、短时间的烯效唑暴露可促进叶绿素a含量的增加,随着暴露时间的延长,处理组叶绿素a含量降低,叶绿素b含量显著增加。烯效唑胁迫下,伊乐藻体内3种抗氧化酶反应灵敏,SOD活性受到显著诱导,CAT活性先升高后降低,POD活性先升高后降低后又升高。说明烯效唑可对植物产生氧化胁迫,诱导抗氧化酶活性升高,当胁迫超过一定强度时,活性氧不能及时清除,对植物体产生氧化损伤。     

中国东部气候带凋落物分解特征——气候和基质质量的综合影响

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统物质循环和能量转换的主要途径.凋落物分解主要受到基质质量和气候因素多因子的综合影响.目前国内尚缺乏关于凋落物分解同气候因子和基质质量关系的多元统计和综合分析.应用分解袋法,对亚热带8个主要树种的凋落叶沿中国东部气候带5个地点历时2a的分解试验研究表明,年均降水量是影响中国东部凋落叶分解速率的首要气候因子,其次是实际蒸散和年均温度.凋落叶的初始N含量是决定分解快慢的首要基质因子,其次是P含量和Lignin:N比和C:N比.     

水稻OsRab7耐盐功能的初步鉴定及其表达载体的构建

Rab7是一个GTP结合蛋白,隶属于Rab家族,该家族在调控膜泡的运输、结合以及细胞内膜结构的组织中行使重要作用。本实验通过RT-PCR技术从盐敏感水稻品种‘日本晴’(‘Nipponbare’)获得了OsRab7基因全长序列,成功构建了原核表达载体pET-32a-OsRab7。在IPTG诱导下,该蛋白高效表达,并明显缓解了高盐环境(4.5% ～8.5% NaCl)对大肠杆菌的生长胁迫。为进一步研究该基因的功能,将OsRab7在大肠杆菌中的表达蛋白纯化,并利用p1301B(pCAMBIA1301改造载体)构建了植物表达载体,成功转化来源于水稻株系‘中花11’(盐敏感)的愈伤组织,为探讨其在水稻中的表达模式和功能分析及应用于水稻耐盐品种的改良奠定了一定的基础。     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% (P ＜ 0.04), and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% (P ＜ 0.002). A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found (P ＜ 0.001), as well as 72.59% variation within populations (P ＜ 0.001). Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

水稻OsRab7耐盐功能的初步鉴定及其表达载体的构建

Rab7是一个GTP结合蛋白,隶属于Rab家族,该家族在调控膜泡的运输、结合以及细胞内膜结构的组织中行使重要作用.本实验通过RT-PCR技术从盐敏感水稻品种'日本晴'('Nipponbare')获得了OsRab7基因全长序列,成功构建了原核表达载体pET-32a-OsRab7.在IPTG诱导下,该蛋白高效表达,并明显缓解了高盐环境(4.5%～8.5% NaCl)对大肠杆菌的生长胁迫.为进一步研究该基因的功能,将OsRab7在大肠杆菌中的表达蛋白纯化, 并利用p1301B(pCAMBIA1301改造载体)构建了植物表达载体,成功转化来源于水稻株系'中花11'(盐敏感)的愈伤组织,为探讨其在水稻中的表达模式和功能分析及应用于水稻耐盐品种的改良奠定了一定的基础.