心理应激对小鼠脂肪组织黄嘌呤氧化酶表达、活性及相关指标的影响*

目的:探讨心理应激对小鼠脂肪组织黄嘌呤氧化酶表达、活性及相关指标的作用。方法:雄性无特定病原体(SPF)级20只昆明小鼠随机分2组(每组10只),即慢性束缚应激(Stress)组和正常对照(Control)组。Stress组小鼠每天在自制式束缚器中限制活动2 h,其余时间两组小鼠在相同环境中自由饮水摄食,实验持续14 d,取血和白色脂肪组织(WAT);观察脂肪组织病理学改变,检测WAT中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶4(Nox-4)的蛋白水平,检测WAT组织中XO、Nox-4、超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂联素(ADPN)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、白介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT-4)、组织因子(TF)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1(PAI-1)的mRNA表达,检测血清和WAT组织中XO酶活性以及血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-Cho)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、尿酸(UA)的含量。结果:与control组比较,stress小鼠腹股沟WAT组织中XO免疫染色阳性着色细胞黄褐色沉淀深且丰富,WAT中出现大量的单核细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞及浆细胞浸润反应和炎症性的改变;血清XO浓度、WAT组织中XO mRNA水平和XO的酶活性显著升高(P＜0.01),血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)和尿酸(UA)的含量显著增高(P＜0.01),WAT组织中Nox-4蛋白、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α、TF、PAI-1mRNA的表达水平显著增高(P＜0.01),而Mn-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、ADPN、IRS-1和GLUT-4的mRNA水平则显著降低(P＜0.01)。结论:心理应激可诱发脂肪XO过量表达及其活性增高,进而引起脂肪炎症、糖代谢及凝血酶原异常等反应。     

Molecular characterization of a novel gene encoding an 8-kDa-subunit of antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus genotypes 1 and 6

Antigen B in hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus is a polymeric lipoprotein of 160 kDa, and is an aggregate of several different but homologous small proteins with approximately 8 kDa which are encoded by a multigene family. Four genes encoding 8-kDa-subunit monomers of the antigen B have been identified from E. granulosus. Recently, we have isolated another novel gene from Echinococcus multilocularis encoding a fifth 8-kDa-subunit of AgB (named EmAgB8/5), predominantly transcribed in the adult worm, but not in vesicles of metacestodes. In this study, we cloned and characterized two EmAgB8/5 homologue genes from E. granulosus genotypes 1 and 6 by PCR, and named as EgG1AgB8/5 and EgG6AgB8/5, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship of these genes with other genes encoding the antigen B 8-kDa-subunit monomers was also discussed.     

Dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community in black soldier fly larval guts and its influence on insect growth and development

Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a prominent insect for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. As a saprotrophic insect, the BSF inhabits microbe-rich environments. However, the influences of the intestinal microorganisms on BSF growth and development are not very clear. In this study, the dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community of BSF larvae (BSFL) were analyzed using pyrosequencing. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most prevalent bacterial phyla in the intestines of all larval instars. The dynamic changes in bacterial community compositions among different larval instars were striking at the genus level. Klebsiella, Clostridium, Providencia, and Dysgonomonas were the relatively most abundant bacteria in the 1st- to 4th-instar BSFL, respectively. Dysgonomonas and Providencia also dominated the 5th- and 6th-instar larvae, at ratios of 31.1% and 47.2%, respectively. In total, 148 bacterial strains affiliated with 20 genera were isolated on different media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Among them, 6 bacteria, BSF1–BSF6, were selected for further study. The inoculation of the 6 isolates independently into germ-free BSFL feeding on an artificial diet showed that all the bacteria, except BSF4, significantly promoted BSF growth and development compared with the germ-free control. Citrobacter, Dysgonomonas, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, and Providencia promoted BSF development significantly by increasing the weight gains of larvae and pupae, as well as increasing the prepupae and eclosion rates. In addition, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Providencia shortened the BSF life cycle significantly. The results illustrate the promotive effects of intestinal bacteria on BSF growth and development.     

Echinococcus multilocularis: developmental stage-specific expression of Antigen B 8-kDa-subunits

Antigen B (AgB) initially found in hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus is a polymeric lipoprotein of 160 kDa, and is an aggregate of several different but homologous small proteins with approximately 8 kDa. Four genes encoding these 8-kDa-subunits have been identified from E. granulosus. In this study we isolated five genes encoding 8-kDa-subunits of AgB from Echinococcus multilocularis. Sequence comparison of isolated cDNA clones demonstrated that one of these five clones was completely identical to EmAgB8/1 which had been isolated previously by our group, and three of them were 94.5, 90.8, and 91.9% homologous to E. granulosus antigen B 8-kDa subunit genes, EgAgB8/2, EgAgB8/3, and EgAgB8/4, respectively. The remaining clone shared 51-58% homology with the nucleotide sequences of AgB genes. Gene-specific RT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that these genes were expressed in a developmentally regulated manner in E. multilocularis vesicles, protoscoleces, and immature adult worms. Possible functions of different expression manners are also discussed.     

新疆原类梅属地衣的初步研究

该文对新疆原类梅属(Protoparmeliopsis M.Choisy)地衣进行了分类学研究。采用形态解剖学、化学及分子生物学方法,鉴定了采样区原类梅属地衣的4个种:凹盘原类梅[Protoparmeliopsis laatokkaensis(R?s?nen)MobergR.Sant],戛氏原类梅[P.garovaglii(K9rb.) Arup, Zhao XinLumbsch]、石墙原类梅[P.muralis(Schreb.) M. Choisy]和盾原类梅[P.peltata(Ramond) Arup, Zhao XinLumbsch],其中凹盘原类梅(P.laatokkaensis)为中国新记录种。该种最主要的辨别特征是具沉陷入地衣体生长的子囊盘和很明显的黑色下地衣体。对以上4种地衣的形态解剖、化学特征和生境进行了描述,同时提供了分种检索表和相关彩色图片。     

麦类品种对麦双尾蚜自然感虫性的初步观察

在新疆伊犁地区1993年和1994年分别观察了195个和36个麦类品种对麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko)的自然感虫性。36个品种两年的结果进行比较表明,感虫率级别相同的品种有18个,占50%;其中“一粒小麦”稳定地表现为不感虫性;感虫率稳定地表现在20%以下的品种有13个,即“86-2-4-2-3-3”、“京772”、“M85 189”、“T579”、“永良13”、“T494”、“浮纳尔”、 “Mg4521”、 “广引74”、“Mg5824”、“Mg8586”、“T1008”和“短芒黑边红”; 感虫率稳定在20%～40%的品种2个,即“额敏黑芒”和“白长穗”; 感虫率稳定在40%～60%的品种2个,即“黑芒红”和“勾毛白”。其余品种,有14个两年的感虫率相差一个级别（20%）;“黑芒长穗”、“高原602”、“伊宁黄库尔班”和“82-10-42-1-1”等4个品种感虫率相差二个或三个级别。另外,1996年塔城引种试验的2个品种“春麦雄性不育系 901”和“啤酒大麦(石引1号)”均遭受麦双尾蚜的严重为害。     

麦类品种对麦双尾蚜的耐害性及产量损失率

在新疆伊犁就36个麦类品种对麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 耐害性和产量损失的研究结果表明,其中11个品种受害后千粒重下降10%以下,为耐害性较强的品种,它们是一粒小麦、墨玉稻穗、爱因亢、小偃95、Mg8349、短芒黑边红、伊春4号、小黑麦12、浮纳尔、毛大头和T1008。综合考虑不同品种的自然受害率和受害后千粒重的下降,各品种的总体产量损失率在0～10.56%。产量损失率在2%以下的有14个品种,即一粒小麦、爱因亢、Mg8349、Mg8786、浮纳尔、短芒黑边红、T1008、墨玉稻穗、小黑麦12、广引74、Mg4521、黄库尔班、Mg8816和小偃95。     

新疆不同栖息地赤麻鸭肠道菌群多样性研究

【目的】探讨天山北麓赤麻鸭肠道细菌多样性及其与栖息地环境之间的关系。【方法】于2017年秋季在天山北麓5个栖息地随机采取新鲜的赤麻鸭粪便,用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增V3–V4区并进行高通量测序,使用BLAST、USEARCH和QIIME等软件和在线工具分析各栖息地样品菌群组成与差异。【结果】从赤麻鸭粪便样本中共获得16S rDNA有效序列408 036条,聚类产生1 014个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)。样品中的细菌分属25个门和397个属。在门分类阶元上,变形菌门和厚壁菌门在所有样品中均为优势菌,相对丰度较高的还包括拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门、放线菌门、蓝藻细菌、螺旋体门、Saccharibacteria和迷踪菌门,但以上细菌在各栖息地样品中的相对丰度存在差异。在属分类阶元上,各栖息地样品的菌群组成差异显著,艾比湖、安集海水库、奎屯水库、蘑菇湖水库和八一水库样品的优势菌分别为鲸杆菌属、巨单胞菌属、假单胞菌属、乳酸菌属和链球菌属。对不同样品菌群组成和差异分析表明,赤麻鸭胃肠道菌群组成受环境和食源的影响较大。【结论】新疆5个栖息地赤麻鸭肠道...     

增施氮磷肥对木荷林凋落物生产量及其养分的影响

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林木荷群落为对象,2011年研究了不同施氮磷肥水平下凋落物生产量和养分动态特征.结果表明: 增施氮磷肥处理后,木荷群落凋落物的年生产量在6.82～8.30 t·hm^-2·a^-1,呈“三峰型”季节动态模式;凋落物年平均氮含量(P处理除外)和年平均磷含量增加;凋落物氮磷含量季节动态发生改变,而对凋落物氮年归还量(60.05～7147 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和磷年归还量(2.94～3.93 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)没有显著影响.与对照相比,试验初期(2011年春季)各施肥处理下的凋落叶氮磷比普遍较高,而2011年冬季较低,说明长期施加氮磷肥可能改变森林生态系统原有的氮磷限制状况.