Metabolite and enzyme contents of freeze-clamped liver of the marine fish Stenotomus chrysops

Hepatic metabolites and enzymes in the marine fish, scup or porgy (Stenotomus chrysops), were determined in freeze-clamped tissue taken either within a day of removing fish from their natural habitat or after scup were held in captivity for 6-8 months. The same determinations were made for liver from fed or 48 hr-starved rats (Mus norvegicus albinus). Compared with rat liver, both groups of fish had, per gram of liver, higher contents of AMP, inorganic phosphate, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, malate, glutamate and NH4+. ATP was lower in fish liver, and ADP, lactate and pyruvate contents were similar in rats and fish. Fish held in captivity had significantly lower pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and cytosolic free NAD+/NADH and higher cytosolic free NADPH/NADP+. These decreases were similar to those seen when starved rats were compared with fed ones. In scup liver, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was 3-8 times, malic enzyme about 2 times, and alanine aminotransferase 2-4 times higher than those activities in rat liver. Those results and a higher cytosolic free NADPH/NADP+ are consistent with the liver being the major site of lipogenesis in fish.     

Respiration in air and water of four mediterranean trochids

Data on the morphology and behavior of five species of spionid polychaete from muddy sand habitats in both the United Kingdom and the northwest coast of North America are presented. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that browsing predation by visual predators is important now and has been important in the evolutionary past. As predicted by such a hypothesis, regenerating individuals are common in all the populations examined. Individuals belonging to species that expose their anterior ends while feeding and/or defecating have cryptic anteriors (Pygospio elegans Claparède, Rhynchospio glutaeus (Ehlers), Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède), and Spiophanes bombyx (Claparède)). Individuals belonging to species that do not expose their anteriors while feeding and/or defecating do not have cryptic anteriors (Pseudopolydora kempi (Southern)). Given these data it is still unclear as to how many of the geographic patterns of coloration that have been reported for infauna are associated with the presence of visual predation. Further investigations are suggested.     

Selective inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by gold salts and phenylbutazone

Gold salts and phenylbutazone selectively inhibit the synthesis of PGF_2α and PGE₂ respectively. Lowered production of one prostaglandin species is accompanied by an increased production of the other. Selective inhibition by these drugs was observed in the presence of adrenaline, reduced glutathione and copper sulphate under conditions when most anti-inflammatory compounds inhibited PGE₂ and PGF_2α syntheses equally. It is postulated that selective inhibitors may have a different mode of action and beneficial effects may be related to the endogenous ratio of PGE to PGF required for normal function.     

Nitrogen deposition enhances moss growth,but leads to an overall decline in habitat condition of mountain moss‐sedge heath

Ecosystems are subject to multiple, natural and anthropogenic environmental influences, including nitrogen (N) deposition, land use and climate. Assessment of the relative importance of these influences on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is crucial for guiding policy and management decisions to mitigate global change; yet, few studies consider multiple drivers. In the UK, ongoing loss of the internationally important arctic/alpine moss‐sedge community, Racomitrium heath, has been linked to elevated N deposition, high grazing pressures and their combination; however, the relative importance of these drivers remains unclear. We used environmental gradients across the habitat's European distribution (UK, Faroes, Norway and Iceland) to investigate the relative impact of N deposition and grazing pressure, as well as climate, on the condition of the dominant moss species, Racomitrium lanuginosum. Key variables including tissue chemistry, growth and cover were measured at 36 sites, and multiple linear regressions were used to examine the relative importance of the drivers across sites. Our results clearly show that regional variation in the condition of R. lanuginosum across Europe is primarily associated with the impacts of N deposition, with climate (air temperature) and grazing pressure playing secondary roles. In contrast to previous experimental studies, we found moss growth to be stimulated by elevated N deposition; this apparent discrepancy may result from the use of artificially high N concentrations in many experiments. Despite increased growth rates, we found that moss mat depth and cover declined in response to N deposition. Our results suggest that this is due to increased decomposition of material in the moss mat, which ultimately leads to loss of moss cover and habitat degradation. This study clearly demonstrates both the key role of N deposition in degradation of Racomitrium heath and the importance of observational studies along natural gradients for testing predictions from experimental studies in the real world.     

Effects of environmental change, including drought, on water use by competing Calluna vulgaris (heather) and Pteridium aquilinum (bracken)

1. Competition for water between Calluna vulgaris (heather) and Pteridium aquilinum (bracken) was studied in conditions of increased temperature, drought and increased nitrogen supply. All these factors increased the intensity of competition for water, with the combination of drought and increased nitrogen having the greatest effect on water use.
2. Both species increased water-use efficiency in response to increased nitrogen and drought. The effects of temperature were however, equivocal. Calluna had a greater water demand than Pteridium but acclimated to water stress more readily.
3. Calluna was the superior competitor for water; its water-use efficiency was reduced as a consequence of its roots depleting water from the Pteridium rooting zone. Pteridium , the poorer competitor, increased water-use efficiency to cope with reduced water availability owing to competition.
4. There was a strong relationship between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and instantaneous water-use efficiency for both species, but discrimination provided a more sensitive measure of seasonal water-use efficiency. Reconstruction of the plant's history of water-use efficiency by retrospective measurement of Δ proved a useful technique for Calluna leaves but was inappropriate for Pteridium rhizome.