Differential expression of guinea pig class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Previous studies have shown that vascular endothelial cells do not normally express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II antigens either in vivo or in vitro. In this investigation it was found that endothelial in the central nervous system (CNS) of normal guinea pigs constitutively express MHC Class II antigens recognized by the monoclonal antibodies HLA-DR, 27E7, and MSgp8. This phenotype is retained when these CNS-derived endothelial cells are propagated in tissue culture. Furthermore, examination of CNS tissue taken from animals in the acute phase of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis shows that additional epitopes of the MHC Class II antigen, detected by the monoclonal antibodies CI.13.1 and 22C4, are present during the diseased state. This study not only demonstrates constitutive expression of certain MHC Class II determinants by guinea pig endothelial cells, but also shows that other Class II determinants can be differentially expressed in certain disease states.     

The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study: 4. Effects of exposure factors,cofactors and HTLV-III seropositivity on number of helper T cells.

Results of testing for antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III) and absolute numbers of helper T cells in 219 participants in the Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) Study were analysed. The mean absolute helper T-cell counts in the 141 HTLV-III seronegative and the 78 seropositive men were 897/mL and 659/mL respectively (p less than 0.001). Established AIDS risk factors such as elevated lifetime number of male sexual partners and frequent receptive anal intercourse did not appear to have any significant effect on number of helper T cells that was independent of HTLV-III antibody status. Seropositive men with less than 100, 100 to 500 or more than 500 male sexual partners in their lifetime had mean absolute helper T-cell counts of 667/mL, 651/mL and 662/mL respectively. Most other risk factors, as well, did not appear to exert any effect on absolute number of helper T cells that was independent of the effect of HTLV-III antibody status. However, independent effects of a history of mononucleosis or hepatitis and of cigarette smoking were noted. The data support the hypothesis that no immune dysfunction beyond that due to the initial infection alone arises from repeated exposure to HTLV-III. Most risk factors appear to act as exposure factors, exerting their effect on the immune system merely by increasing the probability of contact with the agent. The independent effects of a history of mononucleosis or hepatitis suggest that viral agents may be cofactors in the production of immune dysfunction.     

Compartmentation and regulation of acetylcholine synthesis at the synapse.

Acetylcholine and choline release was measured by using an automated and modified version of the chemiluminescence technique of Israel & Lesbats [(1981) Neurochem. Int. 3, 81-90]. A comparison of acetylcholine and choline release from synaptosomes demonstrated that acetylcholine release was K+-stimulated and inhibited by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and cyanide. Choline release, however, did not vary markedly under different conditions, suggesting that it is not associated with acetylcholine release at the nerve ending. Total acetylcholine synthesis in synaptosomal preparations was measured concurrently with the incorporation of [14C]acetyl and [3H]choline moieties by using the chemiluminescence method. Under sub-optimal glucose concentrations or in the absence of treatment of the synaptosomes with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor phospholine, the incorporation of radioactivity exceeded total synthesis, indicating that cycling between acetylcholine and its precursors may occur. After treatment with phospholine, acetyl-group incorporation from D-[U-14C]glucose occurred without dilution of the precursor at optimal (1.0 mM) and low (0.1 mM) glucose concentrations; however, at very low (0.01 mM) glucose concentrations, dilution by a small endogenous pool occurred. [14C]Acetyl incorporation into acetylcholine was compared with various metabolic parameters. A closer correlation was observed between [14C]acetyl-group incorporation into acetylcholine and the calculated acetyl-carrier efflux from the mitochondria than with the calculated pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex flux. The results are discussed with respect to the regulation of acetylcholine concentrations at the synapse and the mechanism whereby turnover occurs.     

Continuous-flow plasmapheresis in management of severe rhesus disease.

Eight patients with severe rhesus disease and expected fetal loss were treated by intensive plasmapheresis using a continuous-flow cell separator. Plasmapheresis was started at 16-27 weeks'' gestation, and continued until planned intrauterine transfusion or until the infant was delivered or the rhesus disease became uncontrolled again. Altogether 24 to 2371 of plasma was exchanged over periods ranging from seven to 16 weeks. In seven of the eight patients the anti-D concentration fell during the period of plasmapheresis. Amniotic fluid spectrophotometry values remained below those recorded in the preceding pregnancy in six out of seven women. In five patients an attempt was made to control the rhesus disease by plasmapheresis alone, and two of these women delivered infants who survived. In the other three cases the infants died, one from the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and the other two in utero. These preliminary findings suggest that intensive plasmapheresis with a cell separator may reduce fetal haemolysis is delivered. Nevertheless, plasmapheresis may best be used to reduce haemolysis until intrauterine transfusions may be given more safely after 30 weeks'' gestation.     

Differentiation between the somatostatin inhibition and the post-somatostatin rebound observed on growth hormone secretion in vitro

A rebound in growth hormone secretion following somatostatin treatment has been shown in several systems where somatostatin suppresses secretion of the hormone. We have developed an in vitro system in which isolated and cultured pituitary cells were perfused after mild trypsinization. After washing, these cells retained their sensitivity and secreted growth hormone (GH) in response to physiological activators (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) or inhibitors (somatostatin) as well as pharmacological activators (PGE2). The variation in GH secretion occurred within a minute after commencement of the infusion and was as rapidly reversible and repeatable minutes later. During somatostatin infusion the GH secretion was not totally suppressed (residual secretion (mean +/- S.D.) 34 +/- 7%). After the infusion a rapid rebound in GH secretion occurred, reaching levels in excess of the pretreatment value of 138 +/- 13%. This rebound effect occurred at doses higher than (10(-10)M) but not at lower doses, even when significant inhibition was observed. The inhibitory effect is of greater magnitude than the rebound effect (rebound = inhibition X 57 +/- 7% (mean +/- S.D.)). Furthermore, rebound was not enhanced by prolongation of somatostatin infusion. These latter results indicate that the rebound in secretion cannot be explained on the sole basis of storage of intracellular GH during somatostatin infusion and in fact suggest the involvement of a process of GH degradation and/or an inhibition of GH synthesis.     

Lung tissue extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels protect against radiation-induced lung injury by suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition

This study aimed to examine whether lung tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels have protective effects on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). The cytocompatibility and histocompatibility were tested for the obtained ECM-derived hydrogel. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 18): control group (control); rats receiving irradiation and intratracheal injection of normal saline (IR + NS); and rats receiving irradiation and intratracheal injection of lung ECM-derived hydrogel (IR + ECM). The wet/dry weight ratio was used to evaluate the congestion and edema of the lungs. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues was performed using hemotoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot analyses were carried out to determine the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in lung tissues (E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], and vimentin). In addition, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), hydroxyproline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were also evaluated. The ECM-derived hydrogels had good cytocompatibility and histocompatibility. ECM-derived hydrogel treatment improved lung histopathology injury and pulmonary edema. Higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of vimentin and α-SMA were found in the IR + ECM group compared with those in the IR + NS group. Hydroxyproline levels were reduced by ECM-derived hydrogel treatment compared with those in the IR + NS group. Obvious increases of TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β1 were identified following irradiation. Marked reductions in MDA content and increases in SOD were induced by ECM-derived hydrogel treatment in rats after radiation. ECM-derived hydrogels were shown to protect against RILI, potentially by reducing EMT, inflammation, and oxidative damage.