全文获取类型
收费全文 | 314篇 |
免费 | 38篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 15篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 5篇 |
2012年 | 9篇 |
2011年 | 9篇 |
2010年 | 6篇 |
2009年 | 6篇 |
2008年 | 11篇 |
2007年 | 5篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 8篇 |
2004年 | 6篇 |
2003年 | 5篇 |
2002年 | 6篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 14篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 14篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有352条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
1.
2.
Novel endogenous human retroviral sequences were cloned by low-stringency hybridization, using the pol gene of endogenous human retrovirus 51-1. One clone, lambda NP-2, contained gag, pol, env, and long terminal repeat sequences related to the corresponding portions of clone 51-1 and the closely related full-length endogenous human retrovirus 4-1. The sequence of the env gene of NP-2 was 73% homologous to that of 4-1. Genomic Southern blots of male and female DNAs showed that NP-2 is located on the Y chromosome and that the Y chromosome also contains one other sequence closely related to the env and 3' flanking regions of NP-2. Conservation of flanking DNA suggests that the second Y chromosome copy of the NP-2 env sequence arose by gene duplication rather than provirus insertion. 相似文献
3.
Many of the open-ocean isolates of the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus spp. are capable of swimming motility, whereas coastal isolates are nonmotile. Surprisingly, the motile strains do not display phototactic or photophobic responses to light, but they do demonstrate positive chemoresponses to several nitrogenous compounds. The chemotactic responses of Synechococcus strain WH8113 were investigated using blind-well chemotaxis chambers fitted with 3.0-mum-pore-size Nuclepore filters. One well of each chamber contained cells suspended in aged Sargasso Sea water, and the other well contained the potential chemoattractant in seawater. The number of cells that crossed the filter into the attractant-seawater mixture was measured by direct cell counts and compared with values obtained in chambers lacking gradients. Twenty-two compounds were tested, including sugars, amino acids, and simple nitrogenous substrates, at concentrations ranging from 10 to 10 M. Strain WH8113 responded positively only to ammonia, nitrate, beta-alanine, glycine, and urea. Typically, there was a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in cell concentrations above control levels in chambers containing these compounds, which is comparable to results from similar experiments using enteric and photoheterotrophic bacteria. However, the threshold levels of 10 to 10 M found for Synechococcus spp. chemoresponses were lower by several orders of magnitude than those reported for other bacteria and fell within a range that could be ecologically significant in the oligotrophic oceans. The presence of chemotaxis in motile Synechococcus spp. supports the notion that regions of nutrient enrichment, such as the proposed microzones and patches, may play an important role in picoplankton nutrient dynamics. 相似文献
4.
5.
The cytochrome b-f complex is composed of four polypeptide subunits, three of which, cytochrome f, cytochrome b-563 and subunit IV, are encoded in chloroplast DNA and synthesised within the chloroplast, and the fourth, the Rieske FeS protein, is encoded in nuclear DNA and synthesised in the cytoplasm. The assembly of the cytochrome b-f complex therefore requires the interaction of subunits encoded by different genomes. A key role for the nuclear-encoded Rieske FeS protein in the assembly of the complex is suggested by a study of cytochrome b-f complex mutants. The assembly of individual subunits of the complex may be regulated by the availability of prosthetic groups. The genes for the chloroplast-encoded subunits and cDNA clones for the Rieske FeS protein have been isolated and characterised. Cytochrome f and the Rieske FeS protein are synthesised initially with N-terminal presequences required for their correct assembly within the chloroplast. The deduced amino acid sequences of the four subunits have been used to suggest models for the arrangement of the polypeptides in the thylakoid membrane. 相似文献
6.
Extracellular complementation of a developmental mutation implicates a small sporulation protein in aerial mycelium formation by S. coelicolor 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
The filamentous bacterium S. coelicolor differentiates by forming aerial hyphae, which protrude into the air and metamorphose into chains of spores. Aerial hyphae formation is associated with the production of a small, abundant protein, SapB, which is present in a zone around colonies of differentiating bacteria. Production of SapB is impaired in bld mutants, which are blocked in aerial hyphae formation, but not in whi mutants in which spore formation is prevented. We report that aerial hyphae formation by a newly identified bld mutant is restored by juxtaposition of the mutant near colonies of SapB-producing bacteria or by the application of the purified protein near mutant colonies. These observations implicate SapB in aerial mycelium formation and suggest that SapB is a morphogenetic protein that enables hyphae on the surface of colonies to grow into the air. 相似文献
7.
A comparative description of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in selected avian and other vertebrate genera 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13
Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence divergence between species
within each of several avian (Anas, Aythya, Dendroica, Melospiza, and
Zonotrichia) and nonavian (Lepomis and Hyla) vertebrate genera were
compared. An analysis of digestion profiles generated by 13-18 restriction
endonucleases indicates little overlap in magnitude of mtDNA divergence for
the avian versus nonavian taxa examined. In 55 interspecific comparisons
among the avian congeners, the fraction of identical fragment lengths (F)
ranged from 0.26 to 0.96 (F = 0.46), and, given certain assumptions, these
translate into estimates of nucleotide sequence divergence (p) ranging from
0.007 to 0.088; in 46 comparisons among the fish and amphibian congeners, F
values ranged from 0.00 to 0.36 (F = 0.09), yielding estimates of P greater
than 0.070. The small mtDNA distances among avian congeners are associated
with protein-electrophoretic distances (D values) less than approximately
0.2, while the mtDNA distances among assayed fish and amphibian congeners
are associated with D values usually greater than 0.4. Since the
conservative pattern of protein differentiation previously reported for
many avian versus nonavian taxa now appears to be paralleled by a
conservative pattern of mtDNA divergence, it seems increasingly likely that
many avian species have shared more recent common ancestors than have their
nonavian taxonomic counterparts. However, estimates of avian divergence
times derived from mtDNA- and protein-calibrated clocks cannot readily be
reconciled with some published dates based on limited fossil remains. If
the earlier paleontological interpretations are valid, then protein and
mtDNA evolution must be somewhat decelerated in birds. The empirical and
conceptual issues raised by these findings are highly analogous to those in
the long-standing debate about rates of molecular evolution and times of
separation of ancestral hominids from African apes.
相似文献
8.
Methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes 总被引:23,自引:2,他引:21
Statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching
points of an evolutionary tree are developed. These methods are for the
unweighted pair-group method-determined (UPGMA) trees reconstructed from
molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences,
restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. They were applied to
data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species.
Among the four different sets of data used, DNA sequences for an
895-nucleotide segment of mitochondrial DNA (Brown et al. 1982) gave the
most reliable tree, whereas electrophoretic data (Bruce and Ayala 1979)
gave the least reliable one. The DNA sequence data suggested that the
chimpanzee is the closest and that the gorilla is the next closest to the
human species. The orangutan and gibbon are more distantly related to man
than is the gorilla. This topology of the tree is in agreement with that
for the tree obtained from chromosomal studies and DNA-hybridization
experiments. However, the difference between the branching point for the
human and the chimpanzee species and that for the gorilla species and the
human-chimpanzee group is not statistically significant. In addition to
this analysis, various factors that affect the accuracy of an estimated
tree are discussed.
相似文献
9.
Rates of mutant structural chromosome rearrangements in human fetuses: data from prenatal cytogenetic studies and associations with maternal age and parental mutagen exposure. 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《American journal of human genetics》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
E B Hook D M Schreinemachers A M Willey P K Cross 《American journal of human genetics》1983,35(1):96-109
In 27,225 prenatal cytogenetic studies of amniotic fluid reported to the New York State Chromosome Registry and the United States Interregional Chromosome Register System, there were 61 cases with a structural chromosomal abnormality not known inherited, a rate per 1,000 of 2.24. Of these 33, 1.21 per 1,000 were known de novo and nonmosaic; consequently, the rate of events resulting from germinal mutation is highly likely to be between these two limits. The rates per 1,000 of unbalanced abnormalities were 0.59-1.29; of balanced abnormalities, 0.62-0.96; of balanced Robertsonian translocations, 0.22-0.29; and of unbalanced Robertsonian translocations, 0.07-0.11. The rates of fetuses with supernumerary markers and fragments were unexpectedly high: 0.26-0.70 per 1,000. These abnormalities were associated with increased maternal age (38.0 +/- 5.4 to 38.4 +/- 3.6 compared to 35.6 +/- 4.3 in controls), but even after adjustment for the bias to preferential study of older women, the observed rates of these supernumerary abnormalities were greater than would be expected from live-birth studies or rates estimated in all recognized conceptuses. There were trends to elevated maternal age for the group of all balanced rearrangements, and to diminished maternal age for the nonsupernumerary, non-Robertsonian unbalanced rearrangements. In 136 women studied primarily because of exposure to a putative mutagen, a de novo deletion and an inversion not known inherited were detected. The rate of abnormality in these 136, 1.47%, was significantly greater than the rate of abnormality in the remainder: 0.14%-0.22%. 相似文献
10.
V D Mottironi E B Hook A M Willey I H Porter R V Swift N H Hatcher 《American journal of human genetics》1983,35(6):1289-1296
HLA-A and B antigens were determined in a study of 37 couples and their children with trisomy 21 Down syndrome (DS), using a standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. The comparison groups included 76 couples and their healthy children. All individuals were Caucasians from the same geographical area, and there was no history of consanguinity. The parents of children with DS did not show an association with a specific HLA antigen or haplotype. Sixteen of the 37 couples (43.24%) having children with DS share two or more antigens at the A and/or B locus. This was significantly higher than the proportion in the control group (6/76, or 7.88%). Of the 16 couples having children with DS and sharing two or more antigens, eight had a haplotype in common, in contrast with only two couples in the control group. The data suggest that sharing of parental HLA-A and B antigens may be related either to the occurrence of trisomy 21 zygotes or to prenatal survival of affected embryos and fetuses. 相似文献