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Alterations in cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates by aryloxy acids (Short Communication)
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited the incorporation of [2-(14)C]mevalonate into cholesterol and non-saponifiable lipids. Both compounds inhibited the conversion of [1-(14)C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate into cholesterol and the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids from [2-(14)C]acetate. There was no inhibition of the conversion of [1-(14)C]mevalonate into CO(2). At low concentrations (0.5mm) of the compounds there was a stimulation of acetate incorporation into fatty acids. 相似文献
4.
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Hubert Wilbert 《Zoomorphology》1965,55(7):804-834
Zusammenfassung Die Körpergröße von Aphelinus semillavus How. variiert in Abhängigkeit von Große und Qualität des Wirtes. Tiere aus dem gesamten Variationsbereich wurden auf größenabhängige Proportionsverschiebungen untersucht.Relative Länge und Breite des Kopfes (bezogen auf die Körperlange) nehmen mit zunehmender Körperlange ab. Die relative Lange des Abdomens wächst etwa um den gleichen Betrag:Es besteht eine negative Korrelation zwischen der relativen Länge des letzten Fühlergliedes, des Trägers wichtiger Sinnesorgane, und der Körperlange. Seine Oberfläche steht in einem etwa konstanten Verhältnis zur Körperlänge. Die Anzahl der Porenplatten nimmt mit der Körperlänge nur wenig, ihre Länge deutlicher zu.Im Komplexauge wächst die Anzahl der Ommatidien etwa proportional zur Korperlange, während seine gesamte Fläche zwar linear, aber ïiberproportional ansteigt, was durch zunehmende Große der einzelnen Facetten erreicht wird.Die Länge der Vorderfliigel ist bei Männchen und Weibchen von mehr als 1 mm Länge etwa der Körperlange proportional. Unterhalb 1 mm nimmt die relative Flügellänge mit der Körperlange ab, bis die Flügel nur noch funktionslose Rudimente bilden. Die Relation Flügel-fläche:Körpergewicht ist bei mittelgroßen Tieren am günstigsten.Jedes Ovar hat stets drei Ovariolen, unabhängig von der Körperlänge. Große Weibchen legen nur etwas größere, aber bedeutend mehr Eier als kleine. Die Anzahl der (am 7.–10. Lebenstag) täglich abgelegten Eier steigt etwa linear mit dem Logarithmus des Körpergewichts an.Die Eiablage wird während des ganzen Lebens (im Labor etwa 40 Tage) fortgesetzt, ist aber zum. Ende hin etwas geringer. Relativ zum Körper-gewicht produzieren mittelgroße Weibchen die größte Eimasse. Die Anzahl der zum Nahrungsgewinn ausgesaugten Läuse steigt mit dem Körpergewicht.Zwischen der relativen Länge des Legestachels und der Körperlange besteht eine fast lineare negative Korrelation.Die gröBenabhangigen Proportionsverschiebungen werden als Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Wachstumstendenzen der einzelnen Organe gedeutet, die ihrerseits genetisch fixiert sind und den biologischen Sinn haben, die Lebensf ähigkeit modifikatorisch kleiner Exemplare zu sichern und damit die Ausnutzung entsprechend kleiner Wirte zu ermöglichen.Die Bedeutung der Proportionsverschiebungen für die Leistung der ganzen Population wird diskutiert. Sic ist abhängig von der Häufigkeits-verteilung der verschiedenen Körpergrößen und these wiederum von der Art-Zusammensetzung und Ernährung der Wirtsfauna.
Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Braun, emer. Direktor des Instituts für Pfanzenkrankheiten an der Universität Bonn, zu seinem 70. Geburts'ag am 2. Februar 1966 gewidmet. 相似文献
Summary The body size of Aphelinus semiflavus How. varies with the size and the quality of the hosts. Specimens from the whole range of variation were investigated for differences between organ proportions, which depended on size.The relative length and width of the head (based on the body length) are reduced with increasing body length. The relative length of the abdomen increases approximately by the same amount.There is a negative correlation between the relative length of the last joint of the antennae and the body length. Its surface shows a nearly constant proportion to the body length. The length of the pore plates increases with the body length more distinctly than their numbers.Within the compound eye, the number of ommatidia increases almost proportionally to the body length; the whole area of the eye increases more than proportionally because the size of the single facets also becomes greater.When the body length is greater than 1 mm, the length of the forewings is nearly proportional to the body length. At less than 1 mm, the relative length of the fore-wings is reduced with declining body length until, finally, only rudiments without any function remain. The ratio between wing area and body weight is most favourable at medium body size.Three ovarioles, independent of the body size, are present in each ovary. Big females produce considerably more eggs than small ones. The size of their eggs is only slightly enlarged. The daily egg production (at the 7th–10th day of life) increases nearly linearly with the logarithm of body weight. Oviposition is continued throughout the life-time of the insect (ca. 40 days in the laboratory) but it is somewhat reduced at the end. Relative to their body weight, females of medium size produce the biggest egg masses. The number of aphids utilized by the parasite for nourishment increases with the body weight of the female.A negative correlation exists between the relative length of the extended ovipositor and the body length.The proportion differences of the organs, dependent on size, are interpreted to be consequences of different growth tendencies which are genetically fixed. Apparently, the biological role of such different growth tendencies is to ensure the viability of phenotypically small specimens and in this way to make the utilisation of small hosts possible.The importance of the differences of body proportions for the effect of the whole population is discussed. It depends on the frequency distribution of the different body lengths which itself is the consequence of the composition of host species and the nutriation of the hosts.
Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Braun, emer. Direktor des Instituts für Pfanzenkrankheiten an der Universität Bonn, zu seinem 70. Geburts'ag am 2. Februar 1966 gewidmet. 相似文献
5.
The mechanisms of carbachol-induced muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) down-regulation, and recovery following carbachol withdrawal, were studied in the neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cell line by specific ligand binding assays. N-[3H]Methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS) and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) were used as the ligands for the cell surface and total cellular mAChRs, respectively. Exposure of cells to 1 mM carbachol for 16 h decreased the specific binding of [3H]NMS and [3H]QNB by approximately 80%. Bacitracin (1-4 mg/ml) and methylamine (1-15 mM), inhibitors of transglutaminase and of endocytosis, prevented agonist-induced loss of surface mAChRs. Pretreatment of cells with the antimicrotubular agents nocodazole (0.1-10 microM) and colchicine (1-10 microM) prevented carbachol-induced loss of [3H]QNB binding, but not that of [3H]NMS binding. These results indicate that agonist-induced mAChR down-regulation occurs by endocytosis, followed by microtubular transport of receptors to their intracellular degradation sites. When carbachol was withdrawn from the culture medium following treatment of cells for 16 h, receptors recovered and were incorporated to the surface membrane. This recovery process was antagonized by monovalent ionophores monensin (0.1 microM) and nigericin (40 nM), which interfere with Golgi complex function. Receptor recovery was also prevented by the antimicrotubular agent nocodazole. Thus, recovery of receptors appears to be mediated via Golgi complex and microtubular transport to the surface membrane. 相似文献
6.
Variability of entrainment of cohesive sediments in freshwater 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Estimates of sediment entrainment are required for models of particle transport in lakes and estuaries but are difficult to make because of the multiplicity of factors affecting cohesiveness of surficial sediments. We present results of sediment resuspension studies performed in an annular flume calibrated with laser-Doppler velocimetry. In our experiments, using sediments collected from two sites in the R. Raisin which flows into L. Erie and from one site in the western basin of L. Erie near the mouth of the R. Raisin, we applied shear stresses at the sediment-water interface in steps from 2 to 12 dyne/cm2. Percent water content at the surface of the sediments was either 77 or 74%, and trials were run with and without oxygenating the water overlying the sediments. Entrainment rates as a function of shear stress at the sediment-water interface were best described by a power-law relationship. All but 14% of the variability in the power law expression was due to shear stress and percent water content; the variability not accounted for was due to differences in particle size distributions, chemical properties, and biological activity in the sediments. 相似文献
7.
Wound-induced and developmental activation of a poplar tree chitinase gene promoter in transgenic tobacco 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Howard R. G. Clarke John M. Davis Sibylle M. Wilbert Harvey D. Bradshaw Jr. Milton P. Gordon 《Plant molecular biology》1994,25(5):799-815
Wounding hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides) trees results in the expression of novel wound-inducible (win) mRNAs thought to encode proteins involved in defense against pests and pathogens. Members of thewin6 gene family encode acidic multi-domain chitinases, with combined structure and charge characteristics that differ from previously described chitinases.Win6 expression has been shown to occur in pooled unwounded leaves of a wounded (on multiple leaves) poplar plant. Here we demonstrate that wounding a single leaf induceswin6 expression locally, in the wounded leaf, and remotely, in specific unwounded leaves with strong vascular connections to the wounded leaf. We also demonstrate that awin6 promoter--glucuronidase (GUS) gene fusion (win6-GUS) responds to wounding locally and remotely in transgenic tobacco. These data indicate that the poplarwin6 promoter has regulatory elements that are responsive to wound signals in the heterologous host. In addition,win6-GUS is developmentally activated in unwounded young leaves and floral tissues of transgenic tobacco. Similar developmental expression patterns are found to occur forwin6 in poplar trees, demonstrating that a herbaceous plant can serve as a host for woody tree transgene analysis and can accurately predict expression patterns in tree tissues (e.g. flowers) that would be difficult to study in free-living trees. 相似文献
8.
Richard L. Stouffer Wilbert E. Nixon Bela J. Gulyas David.K. Johnson Gary D. Hodgen 《Steroids》1976,27(4):543-551
Corpus luteum function in the cycling and the pregnant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was evaluated through short term studies of progesterone production by suspensions of collagenase-dispersed luteal cells in the presence and absence of exogenous gonadotropin (human chortonic gonadotropin, HCG). Cells from mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle secreted progesterone, as measured by accumulation of this hormone in the incubation medium, and responded to the addition of 100 ng HCG/ml with a marked increase in progesterone secretion above basal level (). However, luteal cells from early pregnancy (23–26 days after fertilization) secreted significantly less progesterone than cells of the non-fertile menstrual cycle (3.6 ± 2.4 versus 24.7 ± 5.5 ng/ml/5 × 104 cells/3 hr, n = 3; p < 0.05) and did not respond to HCG with enhanced secretion. By mid-pregnancy (108–118 days gestation) luteal cells exhibited partially renewed function, and near the time of parturition (163–166 days gestation) basal and HCG-stimulated progesterone secretion (30.2 ± 5.6 and 63.0 ± 13.0 ng/ml/5 × 104 cells/3 hr, respectively; n = 3) was equivalent to that of cells from the luteal phase of the non-fertile menstrual cycle. The data suggest that following a period around the fourth week of gestation, when steroidogenic activity is markedly diminished, the corpus luteum of pregnancy progressively reacquires its functional capacity and at term exhibits gonadotropin-sensitive steroidogenesis similar to that of the corpus luteum of the menstrual cycle. 相似文献
9.
MH Daleke AD van der Woude AH Parret R Ummels AM de Groot D Watson SR Piersma CR Jiménez J Luirink W Bitter EN Houben 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(38):31939-31947
Mycobacteria use the dedicated type VII protein secretion systems ESX-1 and ESX-5 to secrete virulence factors across their highly hydrophobic cell envelope. The substrates of these systems include the large mycobacterial PE and PPE protein families, which are named after their characteristic Pro-Glu and Pro-Pro-Glu motifs. Pathogenic mycobacteria secrete large numbers of PE/PPE proteins via the major export pathway, ESX-5. In addition, a few PE/PPE proteins have been shown to be exported by ESX-1. It is not known how ESX-1 and ESX-5 recognize their cognate PE/PPE substrates. In this work, we investigated the function of the cytosolic protein EspG(5), which is essential for ESX-5-mediated secretion in Mycobacterium marinum, but for which the role in secretion is not known. By performing protein co-purifications, we show that EspG(5) interacts with several PPE proteins and a PE/PPE complex that is secreted by ESX-5, but not with the unrelated ESX-5 substrate EsxN or with PE/PPE proteins secreted by ESX-1. Conversely, the ESX-1 paralogue EspG(1) interacted with a PE/PPE couple secreted by ESX-1, but not with PE/PPE substrates of ESX-5. Furthermore, structural analysis of the complex formed by EspG(5) and PE/PPE indicates that these proteins interact in a 1:1:1 ratio. In conclusion, our study shows that EspG(5) and EspG(1) interact specifically with PE/PPE proteins that are secreted via their own ESX systems and suggests that EspG proteins are specific chaperones for the type VII pathway. 相似文献
10.
Ecological niche theory predicts that coexistence is facilitated by resource partitioning mechanisms that are influenced by abiotic and biotic interactions. Alternative hypotheses suggest that under certain conditions, species may become phenotypically similar and functionally equivalent, which invokes the possibility of other mechanisms, such as habitat filtering processes. To test these hypotheses, we examined the coexistence of the giant redfin Pseudobarbus skeltoni, a newly described freshwater fish, together with its congener Pseudobabus burchelli and an anabantid Sandelia capensis by assessing their scenopoetic and bionomic patterns. We found high habitat and isotope niche overlaps between the two redfins, rendering niche partitioning a less plausible sole mechanism that drives their coexistence. By comparison, environment–trait relationships revealed differences in species–environment relationships, making habitat filtering and functional equivalence less likely alternatives. Based on P. skeltoni's high habitat niche overlap with other species, and its large isotope niche width, we inferred the likelihood of differential resource utilization at trophic level as an alternative mechanism that distinguished it from its congener. In comparison, its congener P. burchelli appeared to have a relatively small trophic niche, suggesting that its trophic niche was more conserved despite being the most abundant species. By contrast, S. capensis was distinguished by occupying a higher trophic position and by having a trophic niche that had a low probability of overlapping onto those of redfins. Therefore, trophic niche partitioning appeared to influence the coexistence between S. capensis and redfins. This study suggests that coexistence of these fishes appears to be promoted by their differences in niche adaptation mechanisms that are probably shaped by historic evolutionary and ecological processes. 相似文献