Fractal property of eye movements in schizophrenia

 On the basis of a temporal model of animal behavior we conducted temporal analysis of eye movements in schizophrenic subjects (n=10) and normal controls (n=10). We found a fractal property in schizophrenic subjects, the fixation time of eye movement during reading ambiguous and difficult sentences showing a clear inverse power law distribution. An exponential distribution of a nonfractal nature was found in normal controls. Received: 21 July 1995/Accepted in revised form: 30 April 1996     

Conformation of NAD+ bound to allosteric L-lactate dehydrogenase activated by chemical modification

On modification of arginine residues with 2,3-butanedione, the Thermus caldophilus L-lactate dehydrogenase is converted to an activated form that is independent of an allosteric effector, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2). The conformation of NAD+ bound to the modified enzyme in the absence of Fru-1,6-P2 was investigated by means of proton NMR, analyzing the time dependence of the transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (TRNOE) and TRNOE action spectra. The inter-proton distances determined on TRNOE analysis indicated that both the nicotinamide riboside moiety and the adenosine moiety of NAD+ were in the anti conformation, the ribose rings being in the C3'-endo form. This conformation was almost the same as that of NAD+ bound to the native enzyme-Fru-1,6-P2 complex, rather than that of NAD+ bound to the free native enzyme. These results suggest that the C3'-endo-anti form of the enzyme-bound NAD+ is essential for the activation of the T. caldophilus L-lactate dehydrogenase.     

An ultrastructural study of HeLa cell invasion with Salmonella typhi GIFU 10007

Scanning electron micrograph of HeLa S3 monolayered cells, inoculated with viable bacteria of a Salmonella typhi strain GIFU 10007, revealed that the extended microvilli tangled the bacteria within 10 min after inoculation. The micrographs of HeLa cells, at 1 hr after inoculation, indicate the following: shortening of bacterium-attached microvilli, subsiding of tangled bacteria into microvilli bush, and then attachment of bacterial soma to cell surface making the cell membrane depressed. The transmission electron micrographs, at 1 hr after inoculation, demonstrated the findings of interaction between HeLa cell and S. typhi 10007, similar to those observed on scanning electron micrographs. Hair-like fine structures from the soma of challenge organisms were also observed. They were in contact with HeLa cell microvilli and cell membrane. The bacteria were first partially and then totally surrounded by the HeLa cell plasma membrane. One, two, or several bacteria with intact outer membrane were enclosed in intracytoplasmic membrane-bound vacuoles. Fragmented vacuolar membrane was still visible around the intracellularly accumulated bacteria at 24 hr after inoculation. The viable cells of S. typhi 10007 are regarded as internalizing into HeLa cells by a process of endocytosis and to multiply within the membrane-bound vacuoles.     

Molecular evolution of mammalian class I alcohol dehydrogenase

Phylogenetic relationship and the rates of evolution of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) have been studied by using the amino acid sequences from the human (ADH alpha, ADH beta, and ADH gamma), rat, mouse, and horse (ADH E and ADH S). With the maize ADH1 and ADH2 used as references, the patterns of the amino acid replacements in the beta-sheets, alpha-helices, and random coils in each of the catalytic and coenzyme-binding domains were analyzed separately. The phylogenetic trees based on the different sets of amino acid substitutions consistently showed that (1) multiple ADHs in human and horse have arisen after mammalian radiation, (2) the common ancestor of human ADHs alpha and beta diverged from the ancestor of ADH gamma first and the former two ADHs diverged from each other more recently, and (3) the human ADHs are more closely related to the rodent ADHs than to the horse ADHs. Furthermore, the estimated branch lengths showed that the rodent ADHs are evolving faster than the other ADHs. This difference in evolutionary rate between the two groups of organisms is explainable either in terms of the difference in the number of cell generations per year or in terms of reduction of functional constraints.     

Potassium channels from NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Primary structure and functional expression from cDNAs

The complete amino acid sequences of two potassium channel proteins from NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells have been deduced by cloning and sequencing the cDNAs. One of these proteins (NGK2) is structurally more closely related to the Drosophila Shaw gene product than to the Shaker and Shab gene products, whereas the other (NGK1) is identical with a rat brain potassium channel protein (BK2) which is more closely related to the Drosophila Shaker gene product. mRNAs derived from both the cloned cDNAs, when injected into Xenopus oocytes, direct the formation of functional potassium channels with properties of delayed rectifiers.     

Expression of C gamma 4 T cell receptors and lack of isotype exclusion by dendritic epidermal T cell lines

Although four murine C gamma gene segments (C gamma 1, 2, 3, and 4) are known to exist, the large majority of expressed gamma-chains have been shown to be of the C gamma 1 isotype and no evidence exists for the expression of more than one receptor by gamma delta TCR-bearing cells. We investigated the nature of the TCR expressed on a number of murine dendritic epidermal T cell-derived cell lines by using both Northern blot and immunoprecipitation analyses. One of these CD3+ cell lines (T195) expresses C gamma 4, V gamma 1, and delta mRNA, and its CD3-associated TCR complex can be precipitated by both anti-C gamma 4 and anti-delta sera, indicating that this receptor is a C gamma 4/delta heterodimer. Furthermore, we show that two cell lines (Y245, Y93) express two distinct TCR gamma-chains, one derived from the C gamma 4 locus, whereas the second gamma-chain is probably derived from the C gamma 2 locus. Together with the previous demonstration of C gamma 1/delta TCR on a number of dendritic epidermal T cell lines (DETC), these results indicate that such DETC are capable of expressing a variety of gamma delta TCR and that, in some DETC, isotype exclusion of gamma-chain expression does not occur.     

Characterization of a cell surface-expressed disulfide-linked dimer involved in murine T cell activation

We have produced a hamster mAb, H1.2F3, which was derived by immunization with a murine TCR-gamma delta + epidermal T cell line. H1.2F3 immunoprecipitates a cell surface-expressed disulfide-linked dimer that has a m.w. of 85,000 under non-reducing conditions and consists of subunits of 35,000 to 39,000 m.w. This dimer is distinct from the CD3-associated TCR-gamma delta complex (CD3/TCR), inasmuch as H1.2F3 does not co-precipitate or co-modulate with the CD3/TCR complex and recognizes an Ag with a single-peptide backbone of 22,000 m.w. after N-Glycanase treatment. H1.2F3 is weakly reactive with a small percentage of cells from unfractionated thymus, spleen, or lymph node, but reactivity with both T and B lymphocytes is markedly enhanced by a brief period of stimulation with Con A or PMA in vitro. This enhancement requires de novo protein synthesis. Enhanced expression of the H1.2F3 Ag can also be induced in vivo by injection of Con A or anti-CD3. H1.2F3 is a potent stimulator of T, but not B, cell proliferation in the presence of PMA and FcR-bearing accessory cells. These functional and biochemical studies strongly suggest that the Ag recognized by H1.2F3 is the murine homologue of the human CD28 Ag recognized by mAb 9.3.