The Effect of Moisture Stress on Infection of Trifolium subterraneum L. by Rhizobium trifolii Dang

Moisture stress and method of inoculation greatly affected thenumber and distribution of infected root hairs and nodules ofyoung seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum. A reduction of soilmoisture from 5·5 to 3·5% (–0·36to –3·6 x 10⁵ Pa) significantly decreased the numberof infection threads and completely inhibited nodulation, althoughthe number of rhizobia in the rhizosphere was unaffected. Atlow soil moisture levels the root hairs were abnormally shortand swollen. Infection and nodulation were little affected between5·5 and 9·5% moisture (–0·36 to –0·089x 10⁵ Pa). Distribution of infected root hairs depended on the initialplacement of the inoculum; with the inoculum mixed evenly throughthe soil, infection threads occurred at discrete foci alongthe root. With seedlings inoculated at planting, infection threadswere restricted to the top 1–2 cm of root, even at thehighest soil moisture tested. Watering increased the number of infections in plants grownat 3·5% moisture; nodules were formed at a rate equivalentto non-stressed plants. Watering also enabled movement of theseedling-borne inocula; new infections were formed along theroot surface bearing mature root hairs.     

THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN PREDATORS ON THE NUMBERS OF CABBAGE ROOT FLY (ERIOISCHIA BRASSICAE (BOUCHÉ)) AND ON THE SUBSEQUENT DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE PEST

To determine the importance of beetle predators on the natural control of cabbage root fly, experiments were carried out in 1958 and 1959 using various types of barriers to obtain different levels of beetle populations on cauliflower plots. A barrier of DDT-treated straw, placed in the soil around some plots, decreased the numbers of beetles within them and allowed a greater number of eggs and larvae of cabbage root fly to survive than on the untreated plots, resulting in a greater crop damage. Another type of barrier allowed the beetles to enter plots but made it difficult for them to leave. On these, fewer cabbage root-fly eggs and larvae survived and the crop damage was much less than on the plots surrounded by straw barriers. Where plants were treated with insecticide the root-fly population was reduced to a minimum and crop yields were considerably increased. The insecticide, however, caused a reduction in the numbers of predatory beetles.