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1.
Seasonal changes in the pigments, carbohydrates and growth of red spruce as affected by ozone 总被引:9,自引:7,他引:2
R. G. ALSCHER R. G. AMUNDSON J. R. CUMMNG S. FELLOWS J. FINCHER G. RUBIN P. VAN LEUKEN L. H. WEINSTEIN 《The New phytologist》1989,113(2):211-223
Two-year-old red spruce seedlings were exposed to various levels ot ozone, from 0.4 to 3 times ambient levels, in open-top chambers in Ithaca, NY, USA. Exposures, which varied with changes in day length, commenced on May 30, 1987 and continued until December 14, 1987. Seedling biomass, carbohydrate contents, pigment contents, and rate of electron transport were assessed twice monthly during the fumigation period. Orthogonal quadratic or cubic polynomials were used to model the response through time each variable measured. A one-way analysis of variance model was fitted to every regression coefficient in each polynomial model to test for ozone effects on seasonal physiological patterns. Ozone did not influence growth, foliar pigment content, foliar starch content, root carbohydrate content, or rate of electron transport. The seasonal change of needle raffinose content differed between exposed to low (0.4 ×, 1×) and high (2×, 3×) ozone levels. There was also a trend towards reduced total soluble sugar content foliage during late autumn in higher ozone treatments. 相似文献
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Summary The use of reticulated polyurethane foam as a support material for the immobilization of methanogenic associations and its application to the anaerobic treatment of fine particulate solid wastes was investigated. The colonization of polyurethane support particles in a continuous upflow reactor fed on a mixture of acetate, propionate and butyrate, was both rapid and dense. The combination of rumen microorganisms and colonized support particles in a two-phase digester resulted in an efficient anaerobic decomposition of papermill sludge. 相似文献
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KOJI NAKANISHI STEVEN BLOBSTEIN MAKOTO FUNAMIZU NOBUO FURUTACHI GEORGE VAN LEAR DEZIDER GRUNBERGER KARL W. LANKS I. BERNARD WEINSTEIN 《Nature: New biology》1971,234(47):107-109
WE wish to report that reconstituted sperm whale myoglobin prepared by the method of Breslow1 (except that pH 2 was found sufficient to remove all the haem) (I) crystallizes2 in a different habit from those prepared by the method of Rossi-Fanelli et al.3 (II) using haemin of Sigma lot 77B-0220 and our own 57Fe photoporphyrin preparation and the native myoglobin (III). Although all three form type A3 monoclinic prisms, the best developed plane is [001] for II and III, it is [100] for I. There seems to be great interest in reconstituted haemoproteins4,5, so it is important that crystallization habit may be a sensitive test for subtle changes in protein structures. 相似文献
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Background
Long-term benefits in animal breeding programs require that increases in genetic merit be balanced with the need to maintain diversity (lost due to inbreeding). This can be achieved by using optimal contribution selection. The availability of high-density DNA marker information enables the incorporation of genomic data into optimal contribution selection but this raises the question about how this information affects the balance between genetic merit and diversity.Methods
The effect of using genomic information in optimal contribution selection was examined based on simulated and real data on dairy bulls. We compared the genetic merit of selected animals at various levels of co-ancestry restrictions when using estimated breeding values based on parent average, genomic or progeny test information. Furthermore, we estimated the proportion of variation in estimated breeding values that is due to within-family differences.Results
Optimal selection on genomic estimated breeding values increased genetic gain. Genetic merit was further increased using genomic rather than pedigree-based measures of co-ancestry under an inbreeding restriction policy. Using genomic instead of pedigree relationships to restrict inbreeding had a significant effect only when the population consisted of many large full-sib families; with a half-sib family structure, no difference was observed. In real data from dairy bulls, optimal contribution selection based on genomic estimated breeding values allowed for additional improvements in genetic merit at low to moderate inbreeding levels. Genomic estimated breeding values were more accurate and showed more within-family variation than parent average breeding values; for genomic estimated breeding values, 30 to 40% of the variation was due to within-family differences. Finally, there was no difference between constraining inbreeding via pedigree or genomic relationships in the real data.Conclusions
The use of genomic estimated breeding values increased genetic gain in optimal contribution selection. Genomic estimated breeding values were more accurate and showed more within-family variation, which led to higher genetic gains for the same restriction on inbreeding. Using genomic relationships to restrict inbreeding provided no additional gain, except in the case of very large full-sib families. 相似文献6.
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SYNOPSIS. Terrestrial and semi-terrestrial crustaceans are exposedto fluctuations in ambient temperature and conditions that favorevaporative water loss. These environmental stresses alter performancelimits in the laboratory and behavior in the field. The maximalrate of oxygen consumption, maximum aerobic speed, and endurancecapacity are greater at a body temperature (Tb) of 24°Cthan at 15°C or 30°C in the ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata.The total metabolic cost to move at the same relative speedis greater at a Tb of 24°C than at 15°C. Slower aerobickinetics at 15°C result in a smaller relative contributionof oxidative metabolism to total metabolic cost. However, therelative contributions from accelerated glycolysis are similarat both temperatures. When locomotion is intermittent, the totaldistance traveled before fatigue can be similar at Tbs of 15and 24°C but result from different movement and pause durationsat these temperatures. Performance limits of the ghost crabare negatively affected by dehydration and are sensitive torates of water loss. In the laboratory, endurance capacity ofthe fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, is greater at a Tb of 30°Cthan at 25°C. In the field, freely moving fiddler crabswith a Tb of 30°C travel at faster mean preferred speeds,as determined by motion analysis, than crabs at 25°C. Datafor land crabs support and advance general ectothermic modelsfor the effects of temperature and dehydration on locomotorperformance. 相似文献
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