云南省角蝉科二新属二新种

最近我们从全国动物学科研单位和高等院校借调来大批的角蝉科标本,进行系统的分类研究,从中发现有二新属及二新种,均采自云南西双版纳,现在先把它们加以记载。     

角蝉科一新属一新种

角蝉科的昆虫,是世界著名的富于拟态性的昆虫。它们的畸形发达的前胸背板给人们以明显的识别的特征。这一科不少种类是果树、森林或农业的重要害虫,造成相当严重的灾害。角蝉科截至目前为止,全世界已记载的共324属2500余种;中国已知的20属152种。 本文记述角蝉科一新属及一新种。     

中国的广翅蜡蝉科附八新种

广翅蜡蝉科的种类,多数为害木本植物,少数为害禾本科草本植物,有的是果树、森林和农作物的害虫。但关于广翅蜡蝉科的研究,过去很不充分,我国的种类、分布与寄主关系,至今还不清楚。1935年胡经甫的昆虫名录中列入11种(包括3种同物异名),1959年《中国果树病虫志》中列了5种。 我们根据三十年来在全国各地的采集调查,和全国兄弟单位提供的标本,共鉴定出26种。本文着重记录它们的分布及其为害植物,并记载新种8种。     

金翅夜蛾亚科八新种及一些种类的订正

金翅夜蛾亚科的种类,有的在外形上非常相似,因之过去文献记载常有混淆的地方和鉴定上的错误。本文讨论了一些种类的区别,纠正某些错误的记载,并报道8个新种。 所有新种的模式标本都暂在西北农学院昆虫标本室保存。     

Eco-virological approach for assessing the role of wild birds in the spread of avian influenza H5N1 along the Central Asian Flyway

A unique pattern of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks has emerged along the Central Asia Flyway, where infection of wild birds has been reported with steady frequency since 2005. We assessed the potential for two hosts of HPAI H5N1, the bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) and ruddy shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), to act as agents for virus dispersal along this 'thoroughfare'. We used an eco-virological approach to compare the migration of 141 birds marked with GPS satellite transmitters during 2005-2010 with: 1) the spatio-temporal patterns of poultry and wild bird outbreaks of HPAI H5N1, and 2) the trajectory of the virus in the outbreak region based on phylogeographic mapping. We found that biweekly utilization distributions (UDs) for 19.2% of bar-headed geese and 46.2% of ruddy shelduck were significantly associated with outbreaks. Ruddy shelduck showed highest correlation with poultry outbreaks owing to their wintering distribution in South Asia, where there is considerable opportunity for HPAI H5N1 spillover from poultry. Both species showed correlation with wild bird outbreaks during the spring migration, suggesting they may be involved in the northward movement of the virus. However, phylogeographic mapping of HPAI H5N1 clades 2.2 and 2.3 did not support dissemination of the virus in a northern direction along the migration corridor. In particular, two subclades (2.2.1 and 2.3.2) moved in a strictly southern direction in contrast to our spatio-temporal analysis of bird migration. Our attempt to reconcile the disciplines of wild bird ecology and HPAI H5N1 virology highlights prospects offered by both approaches as well as their limitations.     

金翅夜蛾亚科的研究

近年来,我们又获得大量金翅夜蛾亚科的标本。这些标本有的是我们区系组的同志从全国各地采集的,有的是兄弟单位赠送或借给的。 标本共77,085号,我们逐一进行了外部特征的观察,每种作了雌雄生殖器的解剖研究。除前一报告已记载的相同种类外,新增加的种类有36种。如下:     

Immunological indices of patients with ragweed pollinosis

A comparative study of local and humoral immunity in patients with increased sensitivity to ragweed pollen and in healthy persons has been carried out. In untreated patients a six-fold increase of the levels of total IgE and specific anti-ragweed IgE-antibodies in the blood sera and secretions has been registered, which corresponds to the 3rd and 4th grade reaction in the enzyme immunoassay; simultaneously, a decrease in the characteristics of immune responsiveness has been observed. As the levels of total IgE and specific IgE-antibodies are of particular diagnostic value in immediate-type allergic diseases, the authors have examined the patients with ragweed pollenosis at the periods of the absence of clinical manifestations and in the exacerbation of the disease during blossoming with pollen formation. During exacerbation the level of immunoglobulins of all classes, specific IgE-antibodies in the blood sera and secretions of patients, as well as some characteristics of immune responsiveness, are higher than in remission, which is indicative of the increased antigenic stimulation of the body and of the developing immune response.     

Different regions of HIV-1 subtype C env are associated with placental localization and in utero mother-to-child transmission

HIV infections are initiated by a limited number of variants that diverge into a diverse quasispecies swarm. During in utero mother-to-child transmission (IU MTCT), transmitted viral variants must pass through multiple unique environments, and our previously published data suggest a nonstochastic model of transmission. As an alternative to a stochastic model of viral transmission, we hypothesize that viral selection in the placental environment influences the character of the viral quasispecies when HIV-1 is transmitted in utero. To test this hypothesis, we used single-template amplification to isolate HIV-1 envelope gene (env) sequences from both peripheral plasma and the placentas of eight nontransmitting (NT) and nine IU-transmitting participants. Statistically significant compartmentalization between peripheral and placental HIV-1 env was detected in one of the eight NT cases and six of the nine IU MTCT cases. In addition, viral sequences isolated from IU MTCT placental tissue showed variation in env V1 loop lengths compared to matched maternal sequences, while NT placental env sequences did not. Finally, comparison of env sequences from NT and IU MTCT participants indicated statistically significant differences in Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy in the signal peptide, C2, V3, and C3 regions. Our working hypothesis is that the hydropathy differences in Env associated with IU MTCT alter viral cellular tropism or affinity, allowing HIV-1 to efficiently infect placentally localized cells.     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residue levels in water,sediment and aquatic weeds in the Nyando River catchment,Lake Victoria,Kenya

Samples of water, sediments and aquatic weeds were collected from 26 sites in the Nyando River catchment of the Lake Victoria basin in 2005–2006. The objective was to investigate levels of organochlorine pesticides that have either been banned or are restricted for use in Kenya. The pesticides investigated were lindane, aldrin, endosulfan, endrin, dieldrin, DDT, heptachlor and methoxychlor. These pesticides had previously found wide applications in public health and agriculture in Kenya for control of disease vectors and crop pests respectively. Results showed that mean concentrations were highest for methoxychlor (8.817 ± 0.020?µg l^?1) in water, sediments (92.893 ± 3.039 µg kg^?1), and weeds (39.641 ± 3.045?µg kg^?1), the weeds also tended to accumulate aldrin (15.519 ± 3.756?µg kg^?1). The results show that the pesticides are still in use and are detected in the catchment. Stringent management and public awareness measures are required to enforce the ban on the organochlorine pesticides in order to safeguard the environment and ecosystems of Lake Victoria.     

金翅夜蛾亚科Plusiinae的研究

金翅夜蛾亚科(Plusiinae)是夜蛾科中一个显著的类群,从眼的睫毛,M_2的存在与前翅通常具有金银斑可以认识。但是不同属、种在外形上区别极少,所以如果不根据生殖器,要正确鉴定所有的属种,几乎是不可能。 这一亚科全世界已记载的约230余种,其分布于古北区的有107种。中国已记载的共70种。陕西省已有记载的只有6种,可能分布到的约21种。1963年朱弘复、陈一心二同志在《中国经济昆虫志(第三册)鳞翅目夜蛾科(一)》一书中记述了11种,提到其中5