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Experiments were conducted with segments of corn roots to investigate whether nitrate reductase (NR) is compartmentalized in particular groups of cells that collectively form the root symplastic pathway. A microsurgical technique was used to separate cells of the epidermis, of the cortex, and of the stele. The presence of NR was determined using in vitro and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In roots exposed to 0.2 millimolar NO3− for 20 hours, NR was detected almost exclusively in epidermal cells, even though substantial amounts of NO3− likely were being transported through cortical and steler cells during transit to the vascular system. Although NR was present in all cell groups of roots exposed to 20.0 millimolar NO3−, the majority of the NR still was contained in epidermal cells. The results are consistent with previous observations indicating that limited reduction of endogenous NO3− occurs during uptake and reduction of exogenous NO3−. Several mechanisms are advanced to account for the restricted capacity of cortical and stelar cells to induce NR and reduce NO3−. It is postulated that (a) the biochemical system involved in the induction of NR in the cortex and stele is relatively insensitive to the presence of NO3−, (b) the receptor for the NR induction response and the NR protein are associated with cell plasmalemmae and little NO3− is taken up by cells of the cortex and stele, and/or (c) NO3− is compartmentalized during transport through the symplasm, which limits exposure for induction of NR and NO3− reduction. 相似文献
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We have broadly defined the DNA regions regulating esterase6 activity in
several life stages and tissue types of D. melanogaster using P-
element-mediated transformation of constructs that contain the esterase6
coding region and deletions or substitutions in 5' or 3' flanking DNA.
Hemolymph is a conserved ancestral site of EST6 activity in Drosophila and
the primary sequences regulating its activity lie between -171 and -25 bp
relative to the translation initiation site: deletion of these sequences
decrease activity approximately 20-fold. Hemolymph activity is also
modulated by four other DNA regions, three of which lie 5' and one of which
lies 3' of the coding region. Of these, two have positive and two have
negative effects, each of approximately twofold. Esterase6 activity is
present also in two male reproductive tract tissues; the ejaculatory bulb,
which is another ancestral activity site, and the ejaculatory duct, which
is a recently acquired site within the melanogaster species subgroup.
Activities in these tissues are at least in part independently regulated:
activity in the ejaculatory bulb is conferred by sequences between -273 and
-172 bp (threefold decrease when deleted), while activity in the
ejaculatory duct is conferred by more distal sequences between -844 and
-614 bp (fourfold decrease when deleted). The reproductive tract activity
is further modulated by two additional DNA regions, one in 5' DNA (-613 to
-284 bp; threefold decrease when deleted) and the other in 3' DNA (+1860 to
+2731 bp; threefold decrease when deleted) that probably overlaps the
adjacent esteraseP gene. Collating these data with previous studies
suggests that expression of EST6 in the ancestral sites is mainly regulated
by conserved proximal sequences while more variable distal sequences
regulate expression in the acquired ejaculatory duct site.
相似文献
6.
Litman GW; Rast JP; Shamblott MJ; Haire RN; Hulst M; Roess W; Litman RT; Hinds- Frey KR; Zilch A; Amemiya CT 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(1):60-72
Immunoglobulins are encoded by a large multigene system that undergoes
somatic rearrangement and additional genetic change during the development
of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Inducible antibody and antibody-like
responses are found in all vertebrates. However, immunoglobulin possessing
disulfide-bonded heavy and light chains and domain-type organization has
been described only in representatives of the jawed vertebrates. High
degrees of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identity are
evident when the segmental elements that constitute the immunoglobulin gene
loci in phylogenetically divergent vertebrates are compared. However, the
organization of gene loci and the manner in which the independent elements
recombine (and diversify) vary markedly among different taxa. One striking
pattern of gene organization is the "cluster type" that appears to be
restricted to the chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and limits
segmental rearrangement to closely linked elements. This type of gene
organization is associated with both heavy- and light-chain gene loci. In
some cases, the clusters are "joined" or "partially joined" in the germ
line, in effect predetermining or partially predetermining, respectively,
the encoded specificities (the assumption being that these are expressed)
of the individual loci. By relating the sequences of transcribed gene
products to their respective germ-line genes, it is evident that, in some
cases, joined-type genes are expressed. This raises a question about the
existence and/or nature of allelic exclusion in these species. The
extensive variation in gene organization found throughout the vertebrate
species may relate directly to the role of intersegmental
(V<==>D<==>J) distances in the commitment of the individual
antibody-producing cell to a particular genetic specificity. Thus, the
evolution of this locus, perhaps more so than that of others, may reflect
the interrelationships between genetic organization and function.
相似文献
7.
O. H. Volk 《Plant Ecology》1984,55(1):57-64
Three associations of the Nanocyperion teneriffae Lebrun 1947 (Sporoboletalia festivi Lebrun 1947) are described. They are physiognomically and ecologically similar to associations of the Mediterranean Isoeto-Nanojuncetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 and Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. 1940. They are rich in very specialized therophytes and resurrection plants.
Meinem Lehrer H. Walter, Stuttgart gewidmet. 相似文献
8.
We report here on a new 135-kd membrane protein which is specifically associated with intercellular adherens-type junctions. This surface component was identified by a monoclonal antibody, ID-7.2.3, raised against detergent-extracted components of membranes of chicken cardiac muscle rich in intercalated discs. The antibodies stain extensively adherens junctions in intact cardiac muscle and in lens, as well as in cultured cells derived from these tissues. In living cultured cells only very little immunolabelling was obtained with ID-7.2.3 antibodies, probably due to the limited accessibility of the antibodies to the intercellular gap. However, upon the removal of extracellular Ca2+ ions a dissociation of the junction occurred, leading to the rapid exposure of the 135-kd protein. Immunoelectron microscopic labelling of EGTA-treated, or detergent-permeabilized cells indicated that the antigen is found along the plasma membrane and highly enriched in contact areas. Double immunolabelling for both the 135-kd protein and vinculin pointed to the close association of the two in intercellular junctions and to the apparent absence of the former protein from the vinculin-rich focal contacts of cultured cells and from dense plaque of smooth muscle. Immunoblotting indicated that the 135-kd protein is present in many tissues but is particularly enriched in heart, lens and brain. 相似文献
9.
Differential Inhibition by Ferulic Acid of Nitrate and Ammonium Uptake in Zea mays L 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The influence of the allelopathic compound ferulic acid (FA) on nitrogen uptake from solutions containing both NO3− and NH4+ was examined in 8-day-old nitrogen-depleted corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Concurrent effects on uptake of Cl− and K+ also were assessed. The presence of 250 micromolar FA inhibited the initial (0-1 hours) rate of NO3− uptake and also prevented development of the NO3−-inducible accelerated rate. The pattern of recovery when FA was removed was interpreted as indicating a rapid relief of FA-restricted NO3− uptake activity, followed by a reinitiation of the induction of that activity. No inhibition of NO3− reduction was detected. Ammonium uptake was less sensitive than NO3− uptake to inhibition by FA. An inhibition of Cl− uptake occurred as induction of the NO3− transport system developed in the absence of FA. Alterations of Cl− uptake in the presence of FA were, therefore, a result of a beneficial effect, because NO3− uptake was restricted, and a direct inhibitory effect. The presence of FA increased the initial net K+ loss from the roots during exposure to the low K, ammonium nitrate uptake solution and delayed the recovery to positive net uptake, but it did not alter the general pattern of the response. The implications of the observations are discussed for growth of plants under natural conditions and cultural practices that foster periodic accumulation of allelopathic substances. 相似文献
10.
The formation of the riboflavin precursor, 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, from 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione requires a phosphorylated 4-carbon intermediate which has been designated as Compound X (Neuberger, G., and Bacher, A. (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127, 175-181). The enzyme catalyzing the formation of Compound X has been purified about 600-fold from the cell extract of the flavinogenic yeast Candida guilliermondii by chromatographic procedures. The purified protein appeared homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consisted of a single polypeptide of 24 kDa. The committed substrate of the enzyme was identified as D-ribulose 5-phosphate. The enzyme yields two products which were identified as L-3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate and formate by NMR and CD spectroscopy. Mg2+ is required for activity. 相似文献