Effect of short-and long-term exposure to low environmental temperature on brain regional GABA metabolism

Single exposure of adult male rats to low environmental temperature (LET, 12 ± 0.5°C) for 2 h significantly increased the hypothalamic and striatal GABA levels without affecting those in other regions of brain. The activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was elevated in hypothalamus (H) and corpus striatum (CS) under these conditions. GABA accumulation rate (measured with ethanolamine-O-sulfate, an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase) was also increased in both H and CS of rats exposed to LET for 2 h. Unlike after a single exposure, the repeated exposure (2 h/day) for 7, 15, and 30 onsecutive days did not change the hypothalamic GABA metabolism. No change in GABA metabolism was observed in CS when rats were repeatedly exposed to LET for 7 consecutive days. Prolongation of repeated exposure to LET (2 h/day) for 15 and 30 consecutive days decreased the striatal GABA level and increased the activity of GABA-transaminase, although GAD activity was not altered under these conditions. These results suggest that single exposure to LET accelerates GABA synthesis and may reduce the GABAergic activity in both H and CS; whereas repeated exposure to LET for 15 or 30 consecutive days enhances GABAergic activity with the stimulation of GABA utilization only in CS without affecting its synthesizing process. Thus, it may be suggested that the hypothalamic and striatal GABA system may play a characteristic role in response to short-and long-term exposure to LET.     

Pentylenetetrazol: Effect on carbaryl-induced changes of serotonin metabolism in pons-medulla of rat brain

Oral administration of carbaryl to adult male albino rats produced a dose dependent increase in the steady state level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at 1.00 h in pons-medulla (PM). 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration was significantly elevated only in response to a higher dose of this pesticide under similar conditions. A time course study with carbaryl and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) showed a characteristic elevation of the steady state level of 5-HT in PM, but the 5-HIAA level was significantly elevated at 0.5 h only after carbaryl treatment. No significant change of the 5-HIAA level was evident after administration of PTZ alone or in combination with carbaryl. Tryptophan concentration was significantly elevated in PM at 0.5 h after carbaryl treatment and at 1.0 h after carbaryl + PTZ treatment. No significant change of tryptophan concentration was evident after the administration of PTZ alone under similar conditions. Measurement of (1) pargyline induced (a) accumulation of 5-HT and (b) depletion of 5-HIAA levels, and (2) probenecid-induced accumulation of 5-HIAA level in presence and absence of carbaryl and revealed that carbaryl accelerated the synthesis as well as the breakdown of 5-HT, whereas PTZ alone or in combination with carbaryl accelerated the synthesis of 5-HT without affecting its catabolism. The potency of this pesticide in elevating the pargyline-induced accumulation of 5-HT is in the order of carbaryl + PTZ greater than PTZ congruent to carbaryl. These results suggest that the carbaryl-induced increase in the synthesis of 5-HT is potentiated, and the turnover is reduced, in PM when PTZ is administered to the carbaryl-intoxicated rats.     

Ethanol-mediated gene-amplification in Escherichia coli enhances derepressed synthesis of β-galactosidase

Summary The presence of ethanol (5 % v/v), in nutrient medium, ehanced DNA synthesis per E. coli cell nearly 2.8-fold compared to that in control cells. At this concentration, the derepressed synthesis of -galactosidase per bacterium also increased about 3-fold. We, therefore, propose that the ethanol-mediated gene-amplification proportionately elevated the induced synthesis of -galactosidase.     

Heat shock response in mycoplasmas, genome-limited organisms.

We have measured the effect of heat shock on three mycoplasmas (Acholeplasma laidlawii K2 and JA1 and Mycoplasma capricolum Kid) and demonstrated the induction of mycoplasma heat shock proteins under these conditions. Increased synthesis of at least 5 heat shock proteins in A. laidlawii K2, 11 heat shock proteins in A. laidlawii JA1, and 7 heat shock proteins in M. capricolum was observed by electrophoretic analysis of proteins from heat-shocked cells in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In all three strains, major heat shock proteins (66 to 68 and 26 to 29 kilodaltons [kDa]) were found. The 66- to 68-kDa protein cross-reacted with antibody to Escherichia coli DnaK protein, suggesting that this heat shock protein has been conserved in spite of major reductions in genetic complexity during mycoplasma evolution. A. laidlawii also contained a 60-kDa protein that cross-reacted with eubacterial GroEL protein and a 40-kDa protein that cross-reacted with E. coli RecA protein. Unlike with coliphages, the mycoplasma virus L2 progeny yield was not increased when virus was plated on heat-shocked A. laidlawii host cells. However, UV-irradiated L2 virus could be host cell reactivated by both A. laidlawii SOS repair and heat shock systems.     

Multi-layered Graphene Silica-Based Tunable Absorber for Infrared Wavelength Based on Circuit Theory Approach

Graphene can be utilized as a tunable material for a wide range of infrared wavelength regions due to its tunable conductivity property. In this paper, we use Y-shaped silver material resonator placed over the top of multiple graphene silica-layered structures to realize the perfect absorption over the infrared wavelength region. We propose four different designs by placing the graphene sheet over silica. The absorption and reflectance performance of the structures have been explored for 1500- to 1600-nm wavelength range. The proposed design also explores the absorption tunability of the structure for the different values of graphene chemical potential. We have reported the negative impedance for the perfect absorption for proposed metamaterial absorber structures. All the metamaterial absorbers have reported 99% of its absorption peaks in the infrared wavelength region. These designs can be used as a tunable absorber for narrowband and wideband applications. The proposed designs will become the basic building block of large photonics design which will be applicable for polariser, sensor, and solar applications.

     

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification based identification of entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. from soil DNA

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema kill insects with the help of their symbiotic bacteria. They are widely used as biocontrol agents to manage insect pests of crops. The infective juveniles (IJ) of EPNs are isolated from soil by insect baiting technique, which is labour-intensive, time-consuming, wasteful, and inefficient. Here, we present loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid detection of Heterorhabditis spp. (Het-LAMP) and Steinernema spp. (Ste-LAMP) from total soil DNA. The primers for Het-LAMP and Ste-LAMP were designed using ITS and 18S rDNA regions of genomic DNA. The LAMP reactions could be completed in 60 min, at 66 °C and 68 °C, respectively, followed by termination at 85 °C for 5 min. The assays were highly sensitive and could detect up to 0.02 picograms of Heterorhabditis DNA and 96 picograms of Steinernema DNA in a 25 μl reaction. Both the assays were specific for the target nematode species and detected the presence of a single IJ in the total DNA extracted from 250 mg of soil. The assays developed in this study would be of immense utility for the efficient detection and identification of native EPNs in large-scale surveys. These assays are amenable to automation and could be used to develop convenient detection kits for point-of-service diagnosis of EPNs in the field without the need for a trained and experienced personnel.