Nanotechnology is currently gaining immense attention to combat food borne bacteria, and biofilm. Diabetes is a common metabolic disease affecting majority of people. A better therapy relies on phytomediated nanoparticle synthesis. In this study, W. somnifera leaf extract-assisted ZnO NPs (Ws-ZnO NPs) was synthesized and characterized. From HR-TEM analysis, it has been found that the hexagonal wurtzite particle is 15.6 nm in size and − 12.14 mV of zeta potential. A greater antibacterial effect of Ws-ZnO NPs was noticed against E. faecalis and S. aureus at 100 µg mL−1. Also, the biofilm of E. faecalis and S. aureus was greatly inhibited at 100 µg mL−1 compared to E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme was inhibited at 100 µg mL−1 demonstrating its antidiabetic potential. The larval and pupal development was delayed at 25 µg mL−1 of Ws-ZnO NPs. A complete mortality (100%) was recorded at 25 µg mL−1. Ws-ZnO NPs showed least LC50 value (9.65 µg mL−1) compared to the uncoated ZnO NPs (38.8 µg mL−1) and leaf extract (13.06 µg mL−1). Therefore, it is concluded that Ws-ZnO NPs are promising to be used as effective antimicrobials, antidiabetic and insecticides to combat storage pests.
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