全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2489篇 |
免费 | 194篇 |
专业分类
2683篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 11篇 |
2022年 | 36篇 |
2021年 | 61篇 |
2020年 | 32篇 |
2019年 | 55篇 |
2018年 | 83篇 |
2017年 | 55篇 |
2016年 | 97篇 |
2015年 | 122篇 |
2014年 | 167篇 |
2013年 | 174篇 |
2012年 | 239篇 |
2011年 | 235篇 |
2010年 | 148篇 |
2009年 | 109篇 |
2008年 | 160篇 |
2007年 | 163篇 |
2006年 | 125篇 |
2005年 | 117篇 |
2004年 | 120篇 |
2003年 | 84篇 |
2002年 | 74篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 14篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1952年 | 1篇 |
1909年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2683条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Francesca Zito Demian Koop Maria Byrne Valeria Matranga 《Development, growth & differentiation》2015,57(7):507-514
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of widely distributed metalloenzymes, involved in diverse physiological processes. These enzymes catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to protons and bicarbonate. At least 19 genes encoding for CAs have been identified in the sea urchin genome, with one of these localized to the skeletogenic mesoderm (primary mesenchyme cells, PMCs). We investigated the effects of a specific inhibitor of CA, acetazolamide (AZ), on development of two sea urchin species with contrasting investment in skeleton production, Paracentrotus lividus and Heliocidaris tuberculata, to determine the role of CA on PMC differentiation, skeletogenesis and on non‐skeletogenic mesodermal (NSM) cells. Embryos were cultured in the presence of AZ from the blastula stage prior to skeleton formation and development to the larval stage was monitored. At the dose of 8 mmol/L AZ, 98% and 90% of P. lividus and H. tuberculata embryos lacked skeleton, respectively. Nevertheless, an almost normal PMC differentiation was indicated by the expression of msp130, a PMC‐specific marker. Strikingly, the AZ‐treated embryos also lacked the echinochrome pigment produced by the pigment cells, a subpopulation of NSM cells with immune activities within the larva. Conversely, all ectoderm and endoderm derivatives and other subpopulations of mesoderm developed normally. The inhibitory effects of AZ were completely reversed after removal of the inhibitor from the medium. Our data, together with new information concerning the involvement of CA on skeleton formation, provide evidence for the first time of a possible role of the CAs in larval immune pigment cells. 相似文献
2.
Valeria L. Martin-Albarracin Guillermo C. Amico Daniel Simberloff Martin A. Nu?ez 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
Introduction and naturalization of non-native species is one of the most important threats to global biodiversity. Birds have been widely introduced worldwide, but their impacts on populations, communities, and ecosystems have not received as much attention as those of other groups. This work is a global synthesis of the impact of nonnative birds on native ecosystems to determine (1) what groups, impacts, and locations have been best studied; (2) which taxonomic groups and which impacts have greatest effects on ecosystems, (3) how important are bird impacts at the community and ecosystem levels, and (4) what are the known benefits of nonnative birds to natural ecosystems. We conducted an extensive literature search that yielded 148 articles covering 39 species belonging to 18 families -18% of all known naturalized species. Studies were classified according to where they were conducted: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South America, Islands of the Indian, of the Pacific, and of the Atlantic Ocean. Seven types of impact on native ecosystems were evaluated: competition, disease transmission, chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystem, grazing/ herbivory/ browsing, hybridization, predation, and interaction with other non-native species. Hybridization and disease transmission were the most important impacts, affecting the population and community levels. Ecosystem-level impacts, such as structural and chemical impacts were detected. Seven species were found to have positive impacts aside from negative ones. We provide suggestions for future studies focused on mechanisms of impact, regions, and understudied taxonomic groups. 相似文献
3.
Valuable biological information can be obtained by monitoring the movement of organisms. However, the choice of monitoring
method becomes highly restricted when following small organisms (<100 mm), especially in aquatic ecosystems. Stable isotopes
are being increasingly used in this respect but rarely at the local spatial scale, i.e. 10–1000 s of metres. We sought to
identify movement of small fishes between a main river channel and its tributary. Little overlap in isotope baseline was detected
between the two channels despite some temporal variability in δ15N of baseline indicator organisms in the main river. The individuals of two small cyprinid fish species (Leuciscus souffia and Alburnoides bipunctatus) of all the size classes (40–100 mm) caught within the tributary showed considerable heterogeneity in δ15N values. Classification and discriminant analysis on isotope-derived data distinguished two significantly different groups.
Moreover, this result was supported by further sampling of fish caught in the main river (in May and December 2006). Alternative
hypotheses, such as dietary differences, biological factors, temporal shifts and spatial differences in diet, did not explain
δ15N variability. This application of stable isotopes at a relatively small spatial and temporal scales further demonstrates
its potential as a tool for ecologists. 相似文献
4.
Paolo d’Errico Marina Boido Antonio Piras Valeria Valsecchi Elena De Amicis Denise Locatelli Silvia Capra Francesco Vagni Alessandro Vercelli Giorgio Battaglia 《PloS one》2013,8(12)
Loss of the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common inherited cause of infant mortality. Even though the SMA phenotype is traditionally considered as related to spinal motor neuron loss, it remains debated whether the specific targeting of motor neurons could represent the best therapeutic option for the disease. We here investigated, using stereological quantification methods, the spinal cord and cerebral motor cortex of ∆7 SMA mice during development, to verify extent and selectivity of motor neuron loss. We found progressive post-natal loss of spinal motor neurons, already at pre-symptomatic stages, and a higher vulnerability of motor neurons innervating proximal and axial muscles. Larger motor neurons decreased in the course of disease, either for selective loss or specific developmental impairment. We also found a selective reduction of layer V pyramidal neurons associated with layer V gliosis in the cerebral motor cortex. Our data indicate that in the ∆7 SMA model SMN loss is critical for the spinal cord, particularly for specific motor neuron pools. Neuronal loss, however, is not selective for lower motor neurons. These data further suggest that SMA pathogenesis is likely more complex than previously anticipated. The better knowledge of SMA models might be instrumental in shaping better therapeutic options for affected patients. 相似文献
5.
Development of the visual system of anchovy larvae,Engraulis anchoita: A microanatomical description
Valeria Miranda Stefanía Cohen Alcira O. Díaz Marina V. Diaz 《Journal of morphology》2020,281(4-5):465-475
During the early ontogeny of fish larvae, the accurate development of the visual system plays a key role, because it is involved in locating food, orientation, selection of favorable habitat, and evasion of predators. The structure of the eye of the fish is typical of vertebrates, with some modifications related to the aquatic environment. In the present work, we describe the development of the larval eye of Engraulis anchoita for the first time. Larvae were collected at the Permanent Station of Environmental Studies (EPEA) in coastal waters of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean during research cruises in 2015 and 2016. We describe the histology of the retina layers, determine the beginning of the functionality of the eye, and discuss a possible synchronization with the development of the digestive tract. This study provides information about the biology of E. anchoita, the most abundant fish species in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Also, recent studies have shown responses of the retina and other tissues to the increase in environmental acidity. Therefore, results of this study are also discussed with respect to the possible effect of acidification on the larvae of this species. The continuity of the time series developed at the EPEA will allow monitoring the effect of long-term environmental and biological variables on the early ontogeny of anchovy in the context of climate change. The high commercial fishing potential of E. anchoita due to its high abundance, as well as its essential role in the trophic web of other commercially valuable fishing resources of Argentina, reinforce the need to continue deepening knowledge about this species. Research highlights:
- Eyes of Engraulis anchoita larvae are functional from early larval stages.
- At hatching, the retina is formed by only few layers from which the other layers differentiates during ontogeny.
- Focal distance increases with larval growth.
6.
7.
Summary A female with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in blastic phase (BP) showed a masked Ph chromosome that had originated by a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 22, with no obvious involvement of chromosome 9. A duplication of the masked Ph and trisomy 13 were present as additional anomalies. The karyotype on peripheral blood unstimulated cultures was 48,XX,t(8;22)(p12;q11),+13,+der(22) t(8;22)/47,XX,t(8;22)(p12;q11),+der(22)t(8;22). While the duplication of the Ph is a frequent finding in BP of CML, we did not find any other case in the literature with duplication of a masked Ph. In situ hybridization with c-abl and bcr probes showed that a 3 bcr sequence was translocated to the der(8) chromosome, while the c-abl oncogene was transposed to the masked Ph. 相似文献
8.
Lubomir M. Stoilov Valeria Mirkova Jordanka Zlatanova Lalio Djondjurov 《Plant cell reports》1992,11(7):355-358
In order to elucidate some features of the topological organization of DNA within the plant nucleus, DNA fragments involved in the attachment of the DNA loops to the nuclear matrix in maize were studied. The matrix-associated DNA from dry embryo and meristematic cells after extensive digestion with DNase I and high salt treatment was about 2% of the total DNA, sized within the range of 50 and 250 bp. This DNA was found to be enriched in repetitive DNA sequences, both for nuclei from dry embryo and meristematic cells. The loop size of the DNA in cells of Zea mays appeared to be between 5 and 25 kbp.Abbreviations EDTA
Diamino-ethanetetraacetic acid
- EtBr
Ethidium bromide
- LIS
Lithium diiodosalicylate
- PMSF
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- SDS
Sodium dodecyl sulfate 相似文献
9.
10.
The qualitative fungal composition of Turin 's atmospheric environment was surveyed, carrying out a twelve-month study and collecting with a single stage volumetric sieve sampler on Dermasel agar supplemented with 0.4 g l–1 cycloheximide and 0.05 g l–1 chloramphenicol. We isolated 165 species and 2 varieties of mesophilic fungi from 58 genera and 26 thermotolerant species from 12 genera. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Chrysosporium, Scopulariopsis, Malbranchea, Paecilomyces, Phialophora and Cladosporium were in sequence the genera most rich in mesophilic species; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Chrysosporium and Scopulariopsis the most rich in thermotolerant species. Many of the species isolated are rarely or never recorded in the atmospheric environment. Cycloheximide can thus be said to select among airborne fungi, giving a characteristic picture.Abbreviation CH
Cycloheximide
- cfu
colony forming unit 相似文献