C-Type Virus Released from Cultured Human Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells

RD-114 virus, released from human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, has all the characteristics of a mammalian C-type virus. Immunological tests indicate that it differs from all known C-type viruses and is the most likely candidate for a human C-type virus yet described.     

Possible aversion learning in the Pacific Coast wireworm

The effects of carbon dioxide and the induction of morbidity on aversion learning in larvae of the Pacific Coast wireworm Limonius canus LeConte (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are discussed. Wireworms preconditioned by exposing them one or four times to odour of Tefluthrin 20SC and Dividend XLRTA [Syngenta Crop Protection (Canada), Inc., Canada] during the induction of temporary morbidity subsequently contact tefluthrin‐treated wheat seeds in soil bioassays for as long as naïve (i.e. not preconditioned) larvae but are repelled four to five‐fold more frequently by Dividend‐treated seeds in soil bioassays than naïve wireworms, suggesting that wireworms are capable of associating a novel odour (i.e. Dividend) with morbidity but require a minimum of 10–15 min subsequent contact time with treated seeds before being repelled. Wireworms preconditioned by exposure to peppermint odour during the induction of morbidity are not subsequently repelled by peppermint odour in soil bioassays, suggesting that wireworms are either not capable of aversion learning or that the presence of a CO₂ source and/or a suitable host plant may override a negative cue (i.e. peppermint odour). In studies conducted in the absence of soil, a host plant and CO₂ production, wireworms are repelled slightly by droplets of 1.0% but not 0.1% peppermint oil. Previous exposure to peppermint odour or contact with peppermint oil‐treated filter paper during one induction of morbidity does not increase the repellency of wireworms to 1.0% peppermint oil significantly. Repellency to 1.0% peppermint oil is almost eliminated when morbidity is induced five times in the absence of peppermint odour but is restored when peppermint odour is present during preconditioning. These findings suggest that wireworm sensitivity to repellent compounds decreases when repeatedly made moribund, although the results are not sufficient to conclude that wireworms are capable of associative learning.     

Leg Regeneration in Insects: Cell Interactions and Lineage

SYNOPSIS. Developing insect legs have positional informationspecified down the length and around the leg circumference.After grafting or amputation of larval cockroach or cricketlegs healing confronts epidermal cells with different positionalvalues. This stimulates growth, the intercalary regenerationof intervening tissue, the regeneration of all more distal tissuefrom a complete leg circumference and often the formation ofan incomplete distal regenerate from a symmetrical part-circumference.These processes will lead to regeneration of missing structures,duplication of structures, or the formation of branched supernumerarylegs, depending on the situation. During regeneration, cellscannot cross lineage restrictions which divide the leg intoanterior and posterior compartments.     

Cocoa canker caused by Phytophthora palmivora

Canker disease of Theobroma cacao L. caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler gives rise to serious damage in Fiji and is common in the S.W. Pacific area. Fusarium decemcellulareBiick (imperfect stage of Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.) was constantly associated with P. palmivora in disorders of cocoa but was not found to be a primary pathogen. Most Amelonado cocoa trees were resistant to canker but there were differences in the reactions of other Forastero and of Trinitario types. The F₁ generation of a local Trinitario selection, itself resistant, showed segregation resulting in a proportion of very susceptible plants. Isolates of P. palmivora from black pod, canker and green twigs were equally pathogenic, both to pods and seedling stems. Sporangial dimensions, particularly the length/breadth ratio, differed from those reported elsewhere. It is uncertain whether the reason that cocoa canker is more serious in some countries than others is because of differences in the pathogenicity of P. palmivora strains to bark or the genetic differences of the cocoa grown.     

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR TESTING THE TOXICITY OF VOLATILE ANTISEPTICS TO WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI

Methods used for determining toxicity of volatile compounds to fungi are reviewed and a simple laboratory method for carrying out such tests is described.
Results from this type of test may be applicable in practice where the mycelium of the fungus is freely exposed to the action of the vapour, but if it is desired to sterilize infected wood of any appreciable thickness, information about the penetration of the vapour across the grain of the wood and of its sorption by the wood must be obtained before any treating schedule can be drawn up.