The neuromodulatory effects of cannabinoids in the central nervous system have mainly been associated with G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) mediated inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Numerous studies show, however, that cannabinoids can also modulate VGCCs independent of CB1R activation. Nevertheless, despite the fact that endocannabinoids have a nearly equal efficacy for direct and CB1R-mediated effects on VGCC, the role of the direct cannabinoid–VGCC interaction has been largely underestimated.In this review, we summarize recent studies on the modulation of different types of VGCCs by cannabinoids, highlight the evidence for and implications of the CB1R-independent modulation, and put forward the concept, that direct interaction of cannabinoids and VGCCs is as important in regulation of VGCCs function as the CB1R-mediated effects. 相似文献
Using a patch-clamp technique under voltage clamp conditions, we studied the effect of a non-hydrolyzable analog of diadenosine
polyphosphates (AppCH2ppAs) on chemoactivated transmembrane currents through NMDA channels (NMDA currents) in isolated pyramidal neurons of the
rat hippocampal CA3 zone. In 55.7% of the cases, AppCH2ppAs caused an increase in the peak amplitude of the currents induced by application of aspartate. In 39.5% of the cases,
the agent exerted no effect, while in 4.8% these currents were suppressed. When studying the pharmacological effect of an
increase in the amplitude of NMDA currents, we found that potentiation of these currents is mediated, first of all, by activation
of P2 purinoceptors and is prevented by a blocker of tyrosine kinases, genistein. Receptor-channel NMDA complexes, due to their
ability to be blocked by divalent cations, also contribute to the above effect of AppCH2ppA. Based on the data obtained, we conclude that AppCH2ppA influences NMDA receptors via activation of the P2 receptors and subsequent activation of tyrosine kinases; this leads to the modification of receptor-channel NMDA complexes
and to the removal of their tonic blocking by zinc ions.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 205–210, May–June, 2006. 相似文献
Galectins—galactose-specific lectins are involved in various types of cell activities, including apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, inflammation and cell transformation. Galectins are implicated in prostate malignat transformation. It is not known yet if prostate glands with different grade of pathologies are expressing different galectins and if these galectins express different effects on the cell viability.
Methods
Cytosolic galactose-spesific lectin fractions from prostate tissue with different diagnosis were purified by affinity chromatography and analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulphate. The lectin effects in a source-dependent maner were studied on cell viability on peripheral lymphocytes by MTT reduction method and on apoptosis by flow cytometry method.
Results
Affinity purified galactose-specific lectins fractions from normal and pathological tissue samples are characterized with different protein composition and they express different effects on cell viability and apoptosis.
Conclusion
The effects of cytosolic galactose-specific lectins depend on the source of lectin fraction (glandular tissue disease). We suppose that the released cytosolic galectins from prostatic high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma tissue could suppress the immune status of the host patients.
Astroglia is capable of releasing glutamate (Glu) in concentrations sufficient to activate ionotropic Glu receptors. Provided the released Glu reaches the receptors in the postsynaptic density, it can desensitize them. We have tested this possibility in the hippocampal CA1 synapses of rats either by applying exogenous Glu to the CA1 neurons or activating Glu release by astroglia. We found that Glu does not reach the synapses due to the existence of a protective uptake cap, which is sensitive to dihydrokainate, an inhibitor of GLT-type Glu transporter(s). Our results suggest that extrasynaptic and postsynaptic densities of the membranes of CA1 neurons form separate compartments differing from each other in the mechanisms and efficiency of processing external Glu. This provides additional diversity to specialized regulation of synaptic transmission and electrical excitation of pyramidal neurons. 相似文献
On rat hippocampal slices using a standard patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration, we studied the effects of long-term (40 to 60 min) hypoxia/hypoglycemia (HH) on excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) evoked by stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in the cells of the CA1 zone. In addition to the earlier described effect of an immediate drop in the EPSC amplitude, a significant transient increase in its amplitude 30-50 min after the beginning of HH was observed. A pharmacologically isolated NMDA component of excitatory synaptic events underwent similar changes: 30-50 min after the blockade of NMDA receptor-mediated current, a fast recovery of its amplitude to the control (or even higher) values occurred. A blocker of NMDA/glutamate (Glu) receptors, D-aminophosphonovaleric acid (D-APV), and a competitive nonspecific antagonist of metabotropic Glu receptors, (RS)--methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine – (RS)-MCPG – did not influence the HH-induced initial suppression of synaptic transmission but completely eliminated its delayed recovery. Our findings allow us to suppose that NMDA receptors, as well as metabotropic Glu receptors, play important roles in the cascade of biochemical reactions resulting in death of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the course of and after long-term ischemia in vivo. 相似文献
The effects of a novel anti-hypertensive drug, mibefradil, on voltage-dependent currents in isolated thalamic and hippocampal
neurons, as well as on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus have been studied. Mibefradil exerted a potent inhibitory
action on low-threshold calcium currents in thalamic neurons (IC50=160 nM). In higher concentrations (1–20 μM), this drug blocked not only low-threshold calcium current but also voltage-dependent
sodium and delayed potassium currents in pyramidal hippocampal neurons. The amplitude of population action potentials in hippocampal
slices decreased by 55% in the presence of 20μM mibefradil. All of the effects of mibefradil were almost completely reversible.
In our experiments, the sensitivity of low-threshold calcium channels in thalamic neurons to mibefradil was higher than that
observed on other objects. The ability of mibefradil to block not only calcium currents but also other types of voltage-dependent
ion conductances in hippocampal neurons may be considered an essential factor that determines the specificity of the pharmacological
profile of this drug. 相似文献