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The ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced in 37 species of the genus Aeonium . A phylogeny obtained through the use of parsimony agrees to some extent with the sectional division of the genus and confirms the position of two newly described species. It also suggests the potential importance of reticulate evolution in the genus. Based on the geographic distribution of this particular island group and the growth forms of its species, dispersal across similar ecological zones of different islands followed by adaptive radiation and isolation are suggested to be the prominent routes in speciation. As is typical of island genera, large polytomies at the distal nodes in the phylogeny indicate a recent rapid radiation. 相似文献
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Karl P. Phillips Tove H. Jorgensen Kevin G. Jolliffe San‐Marie Jolliffe Jock Henwood David S. Richardson 《Molecular ecology》2013,22(8):2301-2312
Postcopulatory sperm storage can serve a range of functions, including ensuring fertility, allowing delayed fertilization and facilitating sexual selection. Sperm storage is likely to be particularly important in wide‐ranging animals with low population densities, but its prevalence and importance in such taxa, and its role in promoting sexual selection, are poorly known. Here, we use a powerful microsatellite array and paternal genotype reconstruction to assess the prevalence of sperm storage and test sexual selection hypotheses of genetic biases to paternity in one such species, the critically endangered hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. In the majority of females (90.7%, N = 43), all offspring were sired by a single male. In the few cases of multiple paternity (9.3%), two males fertilized each female. Importantly, the identity and proportional fertilization success of males were consistent across all sequential nests laid by individual females over the breeding season (up to five nests over 75 days). No males were identified as having fertilized more than one female, suggesting that a large number of males are available to females. No evidence for biases to paternity based on heterozygosity or relatedness was found. These results indicate that female hawksbill turtles are predominantly monogamous within a season, store sperm for the duration of the nesting season and do not re‐mate between nests. Furthermore, females do not appear to be using sperm storage to facilitate sexual selection. Consequently, the primary value of storing sperm in marine turtles may be to uncouple mating and fertilization in time and avoid costly re‐mating. 相似文献
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Two extracellular isoenzymes of polygalacturonases PG1 and PG2 were isolated from 3-day-old culture filtrates of Trichoderma reesei. The two enzymes were purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange, gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. PG1 and PG2 exhibit similar molecular weights from gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. Their properties, including optimal pH and temperature, thermal stability and Km were compared. Characterization of substrate specificity showed that the two enzymes had higher affinity toward PGA (B0100) derived from sugar beet pectin (SBP) than PGA from lime pectin. A series of SBPs with different distribution patterns of methyl and acetyl groups, produced by treatment with either plant pectin methylesterase (P-series) or fungal pectin methylesterase (F-series) or base catalysis (B-series), was used as substrates for PG1 and PG2. Substrates with a low degree of esterification were preferred substrates. The activities of PG1 and PG2 were strongly correlated to the degree of methylation and very little effect from acetylation. The products generated by digestion of selected lime and SBPs were analysed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight (MALDI TOF) MS. A mode of action revealed a random cleavage pattern for PG1 and PG2, confirming that these enzymes are endopolygalacturonases. 相似文献
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Boissy P Lenhard TR Kirkegaard T Peschon JJ Black RA Delaissé JM del Carmen Ovejero M 《FEBS letters》2003,553(3):257-261
ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease domain) are metalloprotease-disintegrin proteins that have been implicated in cell adhesion, protein ectodomain shedding, matrix protein degradation and cell fusion. Since such events are critical for bone resorption and osteoclast recruitment, we investigated whether they require ADAMs. We report here which ADAMs we have identified in bone cells, as well as our analysis of the generation, migration and resorptive activity of osteoclasts in developing metatarsals of mouse embryos lacking catalytically active ADAM 17 [TNFalpha converting enzyme (TACE)]. The absence of TACE activity still allowed the generation of cells showing an osteoclastic phenotype, but prevented their migration into the core of the diaphysis and the subsequent formation of marrow cavity. This suggests a role of TACE in the recruitment of osteoclasts to future resorption sites. 相似文献
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Lamb DC Skaug T Song HL Jackson CJ Podust LM Waterman MR Kell DB Kelly DE Kelly SL 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2002,277(27):24000-24005
In the present study we describe the complete cytochrome P450 complement, the "CYPome," of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Eighteen cytochromes P450 (CYP) are described, in contrast to the absence of CYPs in Escherichia coli, and the twenty observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we confirm protein identity as cytochromes P450 by heterologous expression in E. coli and measurement of reduced carbon monoxide difference spectra. We also report on their arrangement in the linear chromosome and relatedness to other CYPs in the superfamily. The future development of manipulation of antibiotic pathways and the use of streptomycetes in bioremediation and biotransformations will involve many of the new CYP forms identified here. 相似文献