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1.
The Drosophila melanogaster gene flightless-I, involved in gastrulation and
muscle degeneration, has Caenorhabditis elegans and human homologues. In
these highly conserved genes, two previously known gene families have been
brought together, families encoding the actin- binding proteins related to
gelsolin and the leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) group of proteins involved in
protein-protein interactions. Both these gene families exhibit
characteristics of molecular changes involving replication slippage and
exon shuffling. Phylogenetic analyses of 19 amino acid sequences of 6
related protein types indicate that actin- associated proteins related to
gelsolin are monophyletic to a common ancestor and include flightless
proteins. Conversely, comparison of 24 amino acid sequences of LRR proteins
including the flightless proteins indicates that flightless proteins are
members of a structurally related subgroup. Included in the flightless
cluster are human and mouse rsp-1 proteins involved in suppressing v-Ras
transformation of cells and the membrane-associated yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisae) adenylate cyclase whose analogous LRRs are required for
interaction with Ras proteins. There is a strong possibility that ligands
for this group could be related and that flightless may have a similar role
in Ras signal transduction. It is hypothesized that an ancestral monomeric
gelsolin precursor protein has undergone at least four independent gene
reorganization events to account for the structural diversity of the extant
family of gelsolin-related proteins and that gene duplication and exon
shuffling events occurred prior to or at the beginning of multicellular
life, resulting in the evolution of some members of the family soon after
the appearance of actin-type proteins.
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2.
Magnesium-induced inner membrane aggregation in heart mitochondria: prevention and reversal by carboxyatractyloside and bongkrekic acid
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Mg(2+) at an optimal concentration of 2mM (ph 6.5) induces large increases (up to 30 percent) in the optical density of bovine heart mitochondria incubated under conditions of low ionic strength (< approx. 0.01). The increases are associated with aggregation (sticking together) of the inner membranes and are little affected by changes in the energy status of the mitochondria. Virtually all of a number of other polyvalent cations tested and Ag(+) induce increases in mitochondrial optical density similar to those induced by Mg(2+), their approximate order of concentration effectiveness in respect to Mg(2+) being: La(3+) > Pb(2+) = Cu(2+) > Cd(2+) > Zn(2+) > Ag(+) > Mn(2+) > Ca(2+) > Mg(2+). With the exception of Mg(2+), all of these cations appear to induce swelling of the mitochondria concomitant with inner membrane aggregation. The inhibitors of the adenine nucleotide transport reaction carboxyatratyloside and bongkrekic acid are capable of preventing and reversing Mg(2+)-induced aggregation at the same low concentration required for complete inhibition of phosphorylating respiration, suggesting that they inhibit the aggregation by binding to the adenine nucleotide carrier. The findings are interpreted to indicate (a) that the inner mitochondrial membrane is normally prevented from aggregating by virtue of its net negative outer surface change, (b) that the cations induce the membrane to aggregate by binding at its outer surface, decreasing the net negative charge, and (c) that carboxyatractyloside and bongkrekic acid inhibit the aggregation by binding to the outer surface of the membrane, increasing the net negative charge. 相似文献
3.
Rates and patterns of evolution in partial sequences of five mitochondrial
genes (cytochrome b, ATPase 6, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5, tRNA(Glu), and
the control region) were compared among taxa in the passerine bird genera
Fringilla and Carduelis. Rates of divergence do not vary significantly
among genes, even in comparisons with the control region. Rate variation
among lineages is significant only for the control region and NADH
dehydrogenase subunit 5, and patterns of variation are consistent with the
expectations of neutral theory. Base composition is biased in all genes but
is stationary among lineages, and there is evidence for directional
mutation pressure only in the control region. Despite these similarities,
patterns of substitution differ among genes, consistent with alternative
regimes of selective constraint. Rates of nonsynonymous substitution are
higher in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 than in other protein-coding genes,
and transitions exist in elevated proportions relative to transversions.
Transitions appear to accumulate linearly with time in tRNA(Glu), and
despite exhibiting the highest overall rate of divergence among species,
there are no transversional changes in this gene. Finally, for resolving
phylogenetic relationships among Fringilla taxa, the combined
protein-coding data are broadly similar to those of the control region in
terms of phylogenetic informativeness and statistical support.
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4.
In prior studies we learned that colonization of soil can be as important as colonization of roots in determining mycorrhizal influence on the water relations of host plants. Here we use a path analysis modeling approach to test (a) whether quantity of hyphae in soil contributes to variations in stomatal behavior and soil drying, and (b) whether soil colonization or root colonization has a stronger influence on these stomatal and soil drying responses. Experiments were performed on Sorghum bicolor and Cucurbita pepo, with soils and roots colonized by a mixture of Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora margarita. Soil colonization generally made more significant contributions to stomatal conductance than did root colonization. Soil colonization did not make significant direct contributions to soil water potential measures (soil water potential at stomatal closure or soil drying rate), whereas root colonization did contribute a potentially important path to each. The findings further support a role for mycorrhization of the soil itself in contributing to the regulation of stomatal behavior of host plants. 相似文献
5.
Vincent J. Tepedino Diane Gail Alston Brosi A. Bradley Trent R. Toler Terry L. Griswold 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(11):3083-3094
Capitol Reef National Park in central Utah, USA surrounds 22 managed fruit orchards started over a century ago by Mormon pioneers.
Honey bees are imported for pollination, although the area in which the Park is embedded has over 700 species of native bees,
many of which are potential orchard pollinators. We studied the visitation of native bees to apple, pear, apricot, and sweet
cherry over 2 years. Thirty species of bees visited the flowers but, except for pear flowers, most were uncommon compared
to honey bees. Evidence that honey bees prevented native bees from foraging on orchard crop flowers was equivocal: generally,
honey bee and native bee visitation rates to the flowers were not negatively correlated, nor were native bee visitation rates
positively correlated with distance of orchards from honey bee hives. Conversely, competition was tentatively suggested by
much larger numbers of honey bees than natives on the flowers of apples, apricots and cherry; and by the large increase of
native bees on pears, where honey bee numbers were low. At least one-third of the native bee species visiting the flowers
are potential pollinators, including cavity-nesting species such as Osmia lignaria propinqua, currently managed for small orchard pollination in the US, plus several fossorial species, including one rosaceous flower
specialist (Andrena milwaukiensis). We suggest that gradual withdrawal of honey bees from the Park would help conserve native bee populations without decreasing
orchard crop productivity, and would serve as a demonstration of the commercial value of native pollinators. 相似文献
6.
Vincent J. Tepedino Trent R. Toler Brosi A. Bradley Jessica L. Hawk Terry L. Griswold 《Plant Ecology》2007,193(1):59-69
We studied the breeding system and flower visitors of the endangered plant, Penstemon haydenii, at several south-central Wyoming, USA occurrences. In agreement with earlier studies of the species 300 km to the east in
Nebraska, we found Wyoming plants to be self-incompatible and pollinator-dependent for sexual reproduction. Flower visitors
were several species of native bees in the families Apidae (particularly bumblebees), Halictidae (small sweat bees), and Megachilidae
(especially in the genus Osmia); and the masarid wasp Pseudomasaris vespoides. Especially important was Osmia brevis, an abundant megachilid bee, and one of only two species (the sweat bee Lasioglossum (Dialictus) pruinosum was the other) present at all five sites. As in Nebraska, fruit set did not differ between our experimental cross-pollination
treatment and an open-pollinated control. However, unlike Nebraska, open-pollinated treatments in Wyoming produced significantly
fewer seeds per fruit than the experimental out-crossing treatment. We discuss several possible explanations for seed limitation:
(1) a scarcity of pollinators early in the flowering season; (2) resource competition for developing ovules on open-pollinated
inflorescences but not on experimental inflorescences; (3) the deposition of self pollen through intra-inflorescence and intra-genet
pollinator movements; (4) few S-alleles and mating types in the Wyoming metapopulation compared to the Nebraska metapopulation,
from which it likely derives. 相似文献
7.
8.
Rodent feeder devices are often made of reusable, sanitizable materials such as glass and stainless steel. As part of an initiative at the authors' facility to automate the feeder filling process, disposable plastic feeding cups were proposed as a preferable alternative to standard feeders for use in a filling machine. The authors tested and validated designs for rodent meal-type feeder assemblies that incorporated plastic cups. Assemblies included stainless steel shields that prevented rats and mice from chewing on the plastic cups while allowing them full access to food. The use of disposable feeder cups that are filled and sealed automatically reduces labor associated with sanitation, enables staff to prepare feeders for several weeks in advance and limits personnel contact with feed that may contain harmful chemicals. 相似文献
9.
Stomatal conductance (g
s) and transpiration rates vary widely across plant species. Leaf hydraulic conductance (k
leaf) tends to change with g
s, to maintain hydraulic homeostasis and prevent wide and potentially harmful fluctuations in transpiration-induced water potential
gradients across the leaf (ΔΨ
leaf). Because arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis often increases g
s in the plant host, we tested whether the symbiosis affects leaf hydraulic homeostasis. Specifically, we tested whether k
leaf changes with g
s to maintain ΔΨ
leaf or whether ΔΨ
leaf differs when g
s differs in AM and non-AM plants. Colonization of squash plants with Glomus intraradices resulted in increased g
s relative to non-AM controls, by an average of 27% under amply watered, unstressed conditions. Stomatal conductance was similar
in AM and non-AM plants with exposure to NaCl stress. Across all AM and NaCl treatments, k
leaf did change in synchrony with g
s (positive correlation of g
s and k
leaf), corroborating leaf tendency toward hydraulic homeostasis under varying rates of transpirational water loss. However, k
leaf did not increase in AM plants to compensate for the higher g
s of unstressed AM plants relative to non-AM plants. Consequently, ΔΨ
leaf did tend to be higher in AM leaves. A trend toward slightly higher ΔΨ
leaf has been observed recently in more highly evolved plant taxa having higher productivity. Higher ΔΨ
leaf in leaves of mycorrhizal plants would therefore be consistent with the higher rates of gas exchange that often accompany
mycorrhizal symbiosis and that are presumed to be necessary to supply the carbon needs of the fungal symbiont. 相似文献
10.
Hendrik-Jan Megens Richard PMA Crooijmans John WM Bastiaansen Hindrik HD Kerstens Albart Coster Ruud Jalving Addie Vereijken Pradeepa Silva William M Muir Hans H Cheng Olivier Hanotte Martien AM Groenen 《BMC genetics》2009,10(1):1-11