Influence of Seismic Stress on Photosynthetic Productivity, Gas Exchange, and Leaf Diffusive Resistance of Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Wells II

Relative growth rate (RGR), leaf water potential (Ψw), transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal and mesophyll resistances to CO₂ exchange were measured or calculated to determine how periodic seismic (shaking) stress decreased dry weight accumulation by soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cv Wells II). Seismic stress was applied with a gyratory shaker at 240 to 280 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes three times daily at 0930, 1430, and 1930 hours. Fifteen days of treatment decreased stem length 21%, leaf area 17%, and plant dry weight 18% relative to undisturbed plants. Seismic stress also decreased RGR 4%, which was due entirely to decreased net assimilation rate. Transpiration decreased 17% and leaf Ψw increased 39% 30 minutes after treatment. A reduction in Pn began within seconds after the onset of treatment and had declined 16% after 20 minutes, at which time gradual recovery began. Assimilation rate recovered fully before the next seismic treatment 5 hours later. Resistance analysis and calculation of leaf internal CO₂ levels indicated that the transitory decrease in Pn caused by periodic seismic stress was due to increased stomatal resistance on the abaxial leaf surface.     

Uterine Transplantation: Ethical Considerations within Middle Eastern Perspectives

The field of reproductive medicine witnessed a breakthrough in September 2014 with the first successful live birth post uterine transplantation. This success represents the culmination of decades' worth of research on infertility and reproductive medicine. This subject of infertility gathers special attention in the Middle East, as childbearing is given paramount importance in the family unit. And as with any new medical advancement, Middle Eastern people look to their religious authorities for guidance. This paper describes the various ethical quandaries related to uterine transplantation, from a perspective of the religious and societal factors that are unique to the Middle East, and embeds them within the conversation of its alternative solutions.     

The fastest global events in RNA folding: electrostatic relaxation and tertiary collapse of the Tetrahymena ribozyme

Large RNAs can collapse into compact conformations well before the stable formation of the tertiary contacts that define their final folds. This study identifies likely physical mechanisms driving these early compaction events in RNA folding. We have employed time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering to monitor the fastest global shape changes of the Tetrahymena ribozyme under different ionic conditions and with RNA mutations that remove long-range tertiary contacts. A partial collapse in each of the folding time-courses occurs within tens of milliseconds with either monovalent or divalent cations. Combined with comparison to predictions from structural models, this observation suggests a relaxation of the RNA to a more compact but denatured conformational ensemble in response to enhanced electrostatic screening at higher ionic concentrations. Further, the results provide evidence against counterion-correlation-mediated attraction between RNA double helices, a recently proposed model for early collapse. A previous study revealed a second 100 ms phase of collapse to a globular state. Surprisingly, we find that progression to this second early folding intermediate requires RNA sequence motifs that eventually mediate native long-range tertiary interactions, even though these regions of the RNA were observed to be solvent-accessible in previous footprinting studies under similar conditions. These results help delineate an analogy between the early conformational changes in RNA folding and the "burst phase" changes and molten globule formation in protein folding.     

SAR development of a series of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yloxy-benzamides as kappa opioid receptor antagonists. Part 2

Further structure activity relationship studies on a previously reported 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yloxy-benzamide series of potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists is discussed. Modification of the pendant N-substitution to include a cyclohexylurea moiety produced analogs with greater in vitro opioid and hERG selectivity such as 12 (κ IC₅₀ = 172 nM, μ:κ ratio = 93, δ:κ ratio = >174, hERG IC₅₀ = >33 μM). Changes to the linker conformation and identity as well as to the benzamide ring moiety were also investigated.     

Mind perception: real but not artificial faces sustain neural activity beyond the N170/VPP

Faces are visual objects that hold special significance as the icons of other minds. Previous researchers using event-related potentials (ERPs) have found that faces are uniquely associated with an increased N170/vertex positive potential (VPP) and a more sustained frontal positivity. Here, we examined the processing of faces as objects vs. faces as cues to minds by contrasting images of faces possessing minds (human faces), faces lacking minds (doll faces), and non-face objects (i.e., clocks). Although both doll and human faces were associated with an increased N170/VPP from 175-200 ms following stimulus onset, only human faces were associated with a sustained positivity beyond 400 ms. Our data suggest that the N170/VPP reflects the object-based processing of faces, whether of dolls or humans; on the other hand, the later positivity appears to uniquely index the processing of human faces--which are more salient and convey information about identity and the presence of other minds.