气象要素的时间分布对五代桑螟数量影响分析

应用积分回归方法,分析气象要素对5代桑螟Diaphania pyloalis Walker数量影响的结果显示,各气象要素的时间分布对5代桑螟数值效应的变化较大,有的时段为正效应,有的时段为负效应;影响效应最大为相对湿度,日平均温度次之,降水和日照项对湿度和温度起着修饰作用。8月上旬高温多湿、8月中旬高温干燥对5代桑螟发生量有明显促进作用;9月上旬多湿和适度低温、9月中旬干燥和适度高温有利于5代桑螟数量增加。多湿环境有利于桑螟卵的生存和孵化,干燥环境有利于桑螟幼虫和蛹的生存。用11年历史值进行验证,吻合效果达到极显著。通过2007年的预测值与大田实际调查值对比,误差在13.6%,证明模拟的数学模型能准确地反映5代桑螟自然种群数量动态。     

Cu胁迫下基质中凹凸棒石粘土对当归幼苗的保护作用

在含有不同比例凹凸棒石粘土的混合基质中(凹凸棒石粘土∶基质的体积比分别为0∶1、1∶100、1∶70、1∶50、1∶20)培育当归幼苗,以研究Cu胁迫对当归幼苗的生理学影响及凹凸棒石粘土对Cu胁迫下当归幼苗的保护作用。结果表明:(1)基质中不存在凹凸棒石粘土时,随着CuCl2处理浓度的上升,当归幼苗叶片的实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和叶绿素含量都逐渐降低;而叶片的非光化学猝灭(qN)、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)、过氧化氢含量以及根和叶片中的Cu含量均显著性增加,表明Cu胁迫降低了当归幼苗的光化学效率、叶绿素的合成、增加了组织中Cu含量和氧化压力。(2) CuCl2胁迫下,当基质中存在不同比例的凹凸棒石粘土时,Cu胁迫所导致的叶片Y(Ⅱ)、ETR、qP及叶绿素含量的降低以及叶片qN、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢含量、根和叶片的Cu含量的升高均有所缓解,说明凹凸棒石粘土通过吸附或固定基质中游离的以及可交换的Cu离子,减少了当归幼苗对有效Cu离子的吸收,从而缓解了Cu离子对植物造成的生理学压力,且这种缓解作用依次为1∶70 1∶50 1∶20≥1∶100 0∶1,这是基质中存在过多的凹凸棒石粘土时,其在吸收基质中Cu离子的同时也会影响基质的通气性、透水性和酸碱度等。这表明凹凸棒石粘土在基质中的适当加入能缓解Cu胁迫对当归幼苗造成的的生理学压力。     

Genetic differentiation and distribution routes of the bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Osteoglossiformes: Notopteridae) in Indochina

Mitochondrial DNA analysis was used to investigate genetic variation in the bronze featherback fish Notopterus notopterus in Indochina. Five hundred and five fish samples collected from 11 localities were separated into three genetically differentiated intraspecific groups. Chao Phraya River samples formed a distinct group. Mekong River samples were clearly separated into two different groups, namely, middle and lower Mekong groups. The lower Mekong group was closely related to Malay Peninsula group, even though the two groups are separated by a tract of ocean. F‐values (0.82–0.95) also confirmed genetic differentiation of the middle and lower Mekong groups. Although the two Mekong groups inhabit the same river basin, molecular clock calculations indicate they separated approximately 1.2 Mya, suggesting (1) evolutionary divergence before invasion of the Mekong River; (2) differences in migration routes to the river; and/or (3) differences in the timings of invasion. The complexities of historical events cannot be ignored in determinations of factors responsible for the exceptional biodiversity in the Mekong basin. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 575–582.     

A new anhydrobiotic midge from Malawi,Polypedilum pembai sp.n. (Diptera: Chironomidae), closely related to the desiccation tolerant midge,Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton

The sleeping chironomid (Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton) lives on temporary rock pools in the semi‐arid tropical regions of Africa. Its larvae are able to survive the dry season in a completely desiccated ametabolic state known as anhydrobiosis. So far, P. vanderplanki was the only species among all insects showing demonstrated anhydrobiotic ability. Here, we show that a new related species originating from Malawi, Polypedilum pembai sp.n. , is also anhydrobiotic and that its desiccation tolerance mechanism is probably similar to what is observed in P. vanderplanki. The new species, P. pembai sp.n. , is described with special attention to the common and different morphological features, compared with P. vanderplanki. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both species are closely related, suggesting that anhydrobiosis evolved only once in their common ancestor about 49 Ma somewhere in Africa, before the divergence of two species, one in the sub‐Saharan area and another in southeastern Africa.     

植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀的差异性

以4年生4种内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区常见水土保持植物柠条、沙柳、白沙蒿和沙棘为研究对象,选取反映枝叶防风特性和根系特性的13项指标,即单株防风效能、林带防风效能、群落防风效能、直根抗拉强度、代表根本构特征、代表根弹性模量、侧根分支处抗拉强度、累计根表面积、拉拔摩阻特性、根-土界面摩擦系数、累计根长、根-土复合体粘聚力、根-土复合体内摩擦角,采用层次分析法对春季大风和夏季暴雨2种自然条件下4种植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀的差异性进行评价.结果表明： 4种植物枝叶与根系耦合固土抗蚀指数为：春季大风条件下为沙柳(0.841)>柠条(0.454)>白沙蒿(-0.466)>沙棘(-0.829);夏季暴雨条件下为柠条(0.841)>沙柳(0.474)>白沙蒿(-0.470)>沙棘(-0.844).沙柳可作为研究区重要的防风抗蚀植物种之一;柠条则可作为研究地区重要的水土保持植物种之一.     

Inhibition of female mating by male accessory gland substances in the ground beetle Leptocarabus procerulus

The ground beetle Leptocarabus procerulus (Chaudoir) possesses seminal substances that have a physical function to form mating plugs and a physiological function to induce female refractory behaviour, which act together to hinder female remating. Little is known about the physiological properties of the substances inducing female refractory behaviour, especially with respect to their secretory organ, dose‐dependency, molecular characteristics and the effect of female maturity. By injecting male‐derived substances into females, substances that induce female refractory behaviour are shown to be produced in the male accessory gland but not in the testis. Injection of extracts from the accessory gland increases the female refractory period at moderate doses but not at lower or higher doses. By contrast, injection of extracts from the testis reduces the female refractory period at high doses. The lack of an effect of accessory gland substances at higher doses could be the result of an anomalous effect of unnaturally large doses of seminal products by direct injection, the toxicity of seminal substances that deter female responses, or counteraction by injected substances that promote female receptivity. The accessory gland substances lose their activity when heated, although the testis substances do not. Females without mature eggs tend to reject mating entirely, although variation in the number of mature eggs (one or more) is not associated with the female refractory period, indicating the limited effect of female reproductive maturity. These findings may help to clarify the physiological basis of the evolution of the elaborated male mating behaviour in L. procerulus.     

Norepinephrine Induces Apoptosis in Skin Melanophores by Attenuating cAMP‐PKA Signals Via α2‐Adrenoceptors in the Medaka,Oryzias Latipes

The density of skin melanophores in many teleost fish decreases during long‐term adaptation to a white background. Using the medaka, Oryzias latipes, we previously reported that apoptosis is responsible for the decrease in melanophores, and that a sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE), induces their apoptosis in skin tissue cultures. In this study, we show that NE‐induced apoptosis of melanophores is mediated by the activation of α2‐adrenoceptors. Clonidine, an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, induced apoptotic melanophore death in skin organ culture, while phenylephrine, an α1‐adrenoceptor agonist, had no effect. NE‐induced apoptosis was diminished by an α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, but an α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, did not abrogate the effect of NE. Furthermore, forskolin inhibited NE‐induced apoptosis, while an inhibitor of PKA, H‐89, mimicked the effect of NE. These results suggest that NE induces apoptosis in melanophores by attenuating cAMP‐PKA signaling via α2‐adrenoceptors.