Revisiting “what do tadpoles really eat?” A 10‐year perspective

1. Tadpoles are diverse and abundant consumers, and knowledge of their feeding ecology and trophic status is essential in understanding their functional roles within aquatic habitats. Here we revisit Altig, Whiles, and Taylor (2007)'s paper, which highlighted the knowledge gaps in tadpole feeding ecology and the application of modern techniques, such as stable isotope and fatty acid analyses to better quantify dominant food resources, food assimilation, and the trophic status of tadpoles.
2. We reviewed the ecological studies that have been published since 2007 that used stable isotopes and fatty acid analyses, also metagenomics and ecological stoichiometry analyses. We describe the ecological roles of tadpoles in freshwater ecosystems and identify knowledge gaps regarding tadpole feeding ecology across biogeographic regions.
3. Worldwide declines in amphibian abundance and diversity create an urgent need to document their feeding ecology and trophic status. As consumers, tadpoles play important functional roles in nutrient cycling, energy flow, and bioturbation. They also exhibit context‐dependent trophic plasticity in response to abiotic and biotic gradients, which complicates understanding of their trophic roles.
4. Most studies of tadpole trophic ecology have been conducted primarily on species from the families Ranidae, Bufonidae, and Hylidae from Neotropic and Nearctic regions, while species in tropical regions such as Africa and Asia lack ecological information for tadpoles. There continues to be a need for studies of tadpole diets and/or trophic ecology in Africa and Southeast Asia regions where species endemism is threated by the growth of anthropogenic activities.
5. The majority of studies have focused on trophic ecology of tadpoles from the perspective of single species or at relatively small spatial and temporal scales. Studies that address questions from an ecosystem perspective were scarce, but are critical for conservation and management. Future research should aim to address the role of tadpoles as consumers across broader spatiotemporal scales.