Habitat Characteristics of the Cyprinidae in Small Rivers in Central Thailand

Cyprinids were sampled, by electrofishing, from 159 sites on small rivers in four major watersheds across central Thailand. Total abundance, estimated by the depletion method, varied directly with water velocity and, inversely with discharge while species richness varied inversely with habitat width and, directly with ambient oxygen and alkalinity. Numerical abundance of cyprinids was well above that for any of the other 27 families of fishes represented in the catches. Incidence of occurrence was high only for a few cyprinid species in each watershed with most species present in ≤10% of the sites. Across all sites, cyprinids represented approximately 35% of all species captured and were absent from only two sites. Species richness was highest in the Maeklong watershed. Canonical correspondence analysis identified five significant habitat variables, temperature, habitat width, discharge, ambient oxygen and alkalinity, and the extent to which each influenced the distribution of the 41 cyprinid species. The results are discussed in relation to environmental factors and ecological adaptations.     

Glucose metabolism in vivo in crossbred Holstein cattle feeding on different types of roughage during late pregnancy and early lactation

An experiment was carried out to study the glucose kinetics of crossbred Holstein cattle feeding on either hay or 5% urea treated rice straw during late pregnancy (21 days prepartum) and early lactation (30 days postpartum). In all 16 pregnant heifers (23–25 months of age) were selected for the experiments, including eight animals of two breed types, Holstein Friesian×Red Sindhi (50:50=50% HF) and Holstein Friesian×Red Sindhi (87.5:12.5=87.5% HF). They were divided into four groups of four animals each. Animals from the same breed type in each group were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. The glucose turnover rate in both types of crossbred Holstein cattle was determined using a continuous infusion of [U-¹⁴C] and 3-[³H]glucose during late pregnancy and early lactation. Total glucose entry and utilization rates increased significantly during lactation for all groups. Recycling of [C]glucose was, approximately, 20% in both crossbred cattle fed either hay or urea treated rice straw and was unaffected by the stage of late pregnancy or early lactation. Comparing 50 and 87.5% HF animals, arterial plasma glucose concentrations were slightly higher during pregnant periods but significantly higher in lactating periods in 50% HF animals. The ratio of specific radioactivity of arterial blood bicarbonate relative to that of arterial blood [¹⁴C]glucose in the lactating period, significantly decreased in 50% HF animals fed either urea treated rice straw or hay. An increase in udder blood flow during early lactation was significantly higher in 87.5% HF animals than in 50% HF animals. The uptake, arteriovenous differences and extraction ratio for glucose across the udder, significantly increased in the lactating period for all crossbred animals. Glucose uptake by the udder of 87.5% HF animals accounted for 65% of the total glucose turnover rate compared to a value of 46% in the lactating 50% HF animals. It can be concluded that both crossbred cattle fed either urea treated rice straw or hay exhibit the same body glucose turnover rate. The 87.5% HF animal has the genetic potential for a high milk yield and has high body and udder glucose metabolisms compared with 50% HF animals.     

Glucose metabolism in crossbred Holstein cattle feeding on two types of roughage at different stages of lactation

An experiment was performed to study the glucose kinetics of crossbred Holstein cattle feeding on either hay or 5% urea-treated rice straw during early lactation (30 days post partum), mid-lactation (120 days post partum) and late lactation (210 days post partum). Two breeds: Holstein FriesianxRed Sindhi (50:50 = 50% HF) and Holstein FriesianxRed Sindhi (87.5:12.5 = 87.5% HF) were used. In early lactating 87.5% HF animals feeding on either hay or urea-treated rice straw, the high milk yields and lactose secretion were related to glucose uptake by the udder and udder blood flow as compared with those of 50% HF animals. Marked decreases in udder blood flow, glucose uptake, lactose secretion and milk yield were apparent in mid- and late lactation of both groups of 87.5% HF animals. In contrast, both groups of 50% HF animals showed no significant changes in udder blood flow, udder glucose uptake, lactose secretion and milk yields throughout the course of lactation. Total glucose entry rate using 3-[3H] glucose infusion, recycling of glucose carbon and plasma glucose clearance significantly increased during late lactation for 50 and 87.5% HF animals feeding on urea-treated rice straw. The utilization rates of glucose using [U-(14)C] glucose infusion were not significantly different among groups of animals and periods of lactation. It can be concluded that 87.5% HF animals have the genetic potential for a higher milk yield, but a shorter peak yield and poorer persistence in comparison with 50% HF animals. Changes in the utilization of glucose by the mammary gland for milk production in both groups of crossbred animals during feeding on either hay or urea-treated rice straw would be dependent on intramammary changes.