A comparison of sperm morphology and silver nitrate staining characteristics in the domestic ferret and the black-footed ferret

Ejaculated sperm from the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) were compared for differences in morphological abnormalities and argentophilic protein distribution. Thawed domestic ferret sperm was also compared to fresh sperm to determine whether there were any effects on cell morphology due to cryopreservation. There were statistically significant differences between the two species of ferret in two of the categories scored. The domestic ferret had a higher frequency of cells that were bent in the midpiece and in the principal piece, and a higher frequency of headless and tailless cells when compared to the black-footed ferret. There were no statistically significant differences in cell morphology between the fresh and cryopreserved ejaculates of the domestic ferret employing a standard egg yolk cryoextender. Silver nitrate staining distribution was different between the two species in both the head and tail region.     

LcrG, a secreted protein involved in negative regulation of the low-calcium response in Yersinia pestis.

The purpose of this study was to define the function of LcrG, the product of the first gene in the lcrGVHyopBD operon of the low-Ca(2+)-response (LCR) virulence plasmid of Yersinia pestis. We created a Y. pestis strain having an in-frame deletion in lcrG. This nonpolar mutant had an abnormal LCR growth phenotype: it was unable to grow at 37 degrees C in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+ ("Ca2+ blind") but was able to grow at 37 degrees C when 18 mM ATP was present. At 37 degrees C it failed to downregulate the expression and secretion of its truncated product (LcrG), V antigen, and YopM. All of these mutant properties were complemented by plasmids carrying normal lcrG. However, a nonpolar lcrE mutation and an lcrH mutation (both also causing a Ca(2+)-blind phenotype) were not complemented in this way. The Y. pestis parent strain expressed LcrG at 37 degrees C in the presence and absence of Ca2+ and transported it to the medium when Ca2+ was absent. We identified two LCR-regulated loci, lcrD and yscDEF, required for this transport. Complementation analysis of the Y. pestis lcrR strain previously shown to lack the expression of LcrG showed that the loss of LcrG but not of LcrR caused the Ca(2+)-blind phenotype of that mutant. Taken together, the results show that LcrG is a negative regulator of the LCR, perhaps functioning in Ca2+ sensing along with LcrE.     

The Yersinia pestis V antigen is a regulatory protein necessary for Ca2(+)-dependent growth and maximal expression of low-Ca2+ response virulence genes.

The low-Ca2+ response is a multicomponent virulence regulon of the human-pathogenic yersiniae in which 12 known virulence genes are coordinately regulated in response to environmental cues of temperature, Ca2+, and nucleotides such as ATP. Yersinial growth also is regulated, with full growth yield being permitted at 37 degrees C only if Ca2+ or a nucleotide is present. In this study, we constructed and characterized a mutant Yersinia pestis specifically defective in the gene encoding the V antigen, one of the virulence genes of the low-Ca2+ response. An in-frame internal deletion-insertion mutation was made by removing bases 51 through 645 of lcrV and inserting 61 new bases. The altered lcrV was introduced into the low-Ca2+ response plasmid in Y. pestis by allelic exchange, and the resulting mutant was characterized for its two-dimensional protein profiles, growth, expression of an operon fusion to another low-Ca2+ response virulence operon, and virulence in mice. The mutant had lost its Ca2+ and nucleotide requirement for growth, showed diminished expression of Ca2(+)-and nucleotide-regulated virulence genes, and was avirulent in mice. The mutation could be complemented with respect to the growth property by supplying native V antigen operon sequences in trans in high copy number (on pBR322). Partial complementation of the growth defect and almost complete complementation of the virulence defect were seen with a lower-copy-number complementing replicon (a pACYC184 derivative). The data are consistent with the interpretation that V antigen is bifunctional, with a role in regulating growth and expression of low-Ca2+ response virulence genes in addition to its putative role as a secreted virulence protein.     

Single file ion diffusion and the Schmoluchowski equation

The Schmoluchowski equation is introduced into the problem of single file ion diffusion in a channel. The ions mutually interact due to coulomb repulsion and are also subject to a single ion potential due to the channel. The positions of the ions are represented by a continuous co-ordinate. The problem is reduced to the solution of a pair of transfer integral equations. The resistivity of finite and infinite channels is calculated for various dielectric constants and mean ionic separations. The ionic density for finite channels is also calculated. The results clearly demonstrate that strong coulomb interaction leads to a co-operative motion of the ions across channels.     

AP-3 adaptor functions in targeting P-selectin to secretory granules in endothelial cells

P-selectin, a cell adhesion protein participating in the early stages of inflammation, contains multiple sorting signals that regulate its cell surface expression. Targeting to secretory granules regulates delivery of P-selectin to the cell surface. Internalization followed by sorting from early to late endosomes mediates rapid removal of P-selectin from the surface. We show here that the P-selectin cytoplasmic domain bound AP-2 and AP-3 adaptor complexes in vitro . The amino acid substitution L768A, which abolishes endosomal sorting and impairs granule targeting of P-selectin, reduced binding of AP-3 adaptors but not AP-2 adaptors. Turnover of P-selectin was 2.4-fold faster than turnover of transferrin receptor in AP-3-deficient mocha fibroblasts, similar to turnover of these two proteins in AP-3-competent cells, demonstrating that AP-3 function is not required for endosomal sorting. However, sorting P-selectin to secretory granules was defective in endothelial cells from AP-3-deficient pearl mice, demonstrating a role for AP-3 adaptors in granule assembly in endothelial cells. P-selectin sorting to platelet α-granules was normal in pearl mice, consistent with earlier evidence that granule targeting of P-selectin is mechanistically distinct in endothelial cells and platelets. These observations establish that AP-3 adaptor functions in assembly of conventional secretory granules, in addition to lysosomes and the 'lysosome-like' secretory granules of platelets and melanocytes.