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1.
Hardies SC; Martin SL; Voliva CF; Hutchison CA d; Edgell MH 《Molecular biology and evolution》1986,3(2):109-125
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A major difference between the divergence patterns within the lines-1 families in mice and voles 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Vanlerberghe F; Bonhomme F; Hutchison CA d; Edgell MH 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(4):719-731
L1 retroposons are represented in mice by subfamilies of interspersed
sequences of varied abundance. Previous analyses have indicated that
subfamilies are generated by duplicative transposition of a small number of
members of the L1 family, the progeny of which then become a major
component of the murine L1 population, and are not due to any active
processes generating homology within preexisting groups of elements in a
particular species. In mice, more than a third of the L1 elements belong to
a clade that became active approximately 5 Mya and whose elements are >
or = 95% identical. We have collected sequence information from 13 L1
elements isolated from two species of voles (Rodentia: Microtinae: Microtus
and Arvicola) and have found that divergence within the vole L1 population
is quite different from that in mice, in that there is no abundant
subfamily of homologous elements. Individual L1 elements from voles are
very divergent from one another and belong to a clade that began a period
of elevated duplicative transposition approximately 13 Mya. Sequence
analyses of portions of these divergent L1 elements (approximately 250 bp
each) gave no evidence for concerted evolution having acted on the vole L1
elements since the split of the two vole lineages approximately 3.5 Mya;
that is, the observed interspecific divergence (6.7%-24.7%) is not larger
than the intraspecific divergence (7.9%-27.2%), and phylogenetic analyses
showed no clustering into Arvicola and Microtus clades.
相似文献
4.
Irisin was first identified in muscle cells. We detected irisin immunoreactivity in various organs of the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata). In the epidermis, irisin immunoreactivity was localized mainly in stratum basale, stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum layers; immunoreactivity was not observed in the stratum corneum. In the dermis, irisin was found in the external and internal root sheath, cortex and medulla of hair follicles, and in sebaceous glands. Irisin immunoreactivity was found in the neural retina and skeletal muscle fibers associated with the eye. The pineal and thyroid glands also exhibited irisin immunoreactivity. 相似文献
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Aaren S. Freeman Alejandro Frischeisen April MH. Blakeslee 《Biological invasions》2016,18(6):1653-1665
Interactions between anthropogenic disturbances and introduced and native species can shift ecological communities, potentially leading to the successful establishment of additional invaders. Since its discovery in New Jersey in 1988, the Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) has continued to expand its range, invading estuarine and coastal habitats in eastern North America. In estuarine environments, H. sanguineus occupies similar habitats to native, panopeid mud crabs. These crabs, and a variety of fouling organisms (both NIS and native), often inhabit man-made substrates (like piers and riprap) and anthropogenic debris. In a series of in situ experiments at a closed dock in southwestern Long Island (New York, USA), we documented the impacts of these native and introduced crabs on hard-substrate fouling communities. We found that while the presence of native mud crabs did not significantly influence the succession of fouling communities compared to caged and uncaged controls, the presence of introduced H. sanguineus reduced the biomass of native tunicates (particularly Molgula manhattensis), relative to caged controls. Moreover, the presence of H. sanguineus favored fouling communities dominated by introduced tunicates (especially Botrylloides violaceous and Diplosoma listerianum). Altogether, our results suggest that H. sanguineus could help facilitate introduced fouling tunicates in the region, particularly in locations where additional solid substrates have created novel habitats. 相似文献
7.
Mandel U; Hassan H; Therkildsen MH; Rygaard J; Jakobsen MH; Juhl BR; Dabelsteen E; Clausen H 《Glycobiology》1999,9(1):43-52
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is initiated by a large family of UDP- GalNAc:
polypeptide N -acetyl-galactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc- transferases).
Individual GalNAc-transferases appear to have different functions and
Northern analysis indicates that they are differently expressed in
different organs. This suggests that O-glycosylation may vary with the
repertoire of GalNAc-transferases expressed in a given cell. In order to
study the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases in situ in tissues and changes
in tumors, we have generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with
well defined specificity for human GalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3. Application of
this panel of novel antibodies revealed that GalNAc- transferases are
differentially expressed in different cell lines, in spermatozoa, and in
oral mucosa and carcinomas. For example, GalNAc-T1 and -T2 but not -T3 were
highly expressed in WI38 cells, and GalNAc-T3 but not GalNAc-T1 or -T2 was
expressed in spermatozoa. The expression patterns in normal oral mucosa
were found to vary with cell differentiation, and for GalNAc-T2 and -T3
this was reflected in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The expression pattern
of GalNAc-T1 was on the other hand changed in tumors to either total loss
or expression in cytological poorly differentiated tumor cells, where the
normal undifferentiated cells lacked expression. These results demonstrate
that the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases is different in different cell
types and vary with cellular differentiation, and malignant transformation.
The implication of this is not yet fully understood, but it suggests that
specific changes in sites of O-glycosylation of proteins may occur as a
result of changes in the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases.
相似文献
8.
Lauren M. Uhler Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy Kenneth H. Mayer Anjali Saxena Elena Losina Malaisamy Muniyandi Adam W. Stoler Zhigang Lu Rochelle P. Walensky Timothy P. Flanigan Melissa A. Bender Kenneth A. Freedberg Soumya Swaminathan for the CEPAC International investigators 《PloS one》2010,5(9)
Background
Indian guidelines recommend routine referral for HIV testing of all tuberculosis (TB) patients in the nine states with the highest HIV prevalence, and selective referral for testing elsewhere. We assessed the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of alternative HIV testing referral strategies among TB patients in India.Methods and Findings
We utilized a computer model of HIV and TB disease to project outcomes for patients with active TB in India. We compared life expectancy, cost, and cost-effectiveness for three HIV testing referral strategies: 1) selective referral for HIV testing of those with increased HIV risk, 2) routine referral of patients in the nine highest HIV prevalence states with selective referral elsewhere (current standard), and 3) routine referral of all patients for HIV testing. TB-related data were from the World Health Organization. HIV prevalence among TB patients was 9.0% in the highest prevalence states, 2.9% in the other states, and 4.9% overall. The selective referral strategy, beginning from age 33.50 years, had a projected discounted life expectancy of 16.88 years and a mean lifetime HIV/TB treatment cost of US$100. The current standard increased mean life expectancy to 16.90 years with additional per-person cost of US$10; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$650/year of life saved (YLS) compared to selective referral. Routine referral of all patients for HIV testing increased life expectancy to 16.91 years, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$730/YLS compared to the current standard. For HIV-infected patients cured of TB, receiving antiretroviral therapy increased survival from 4.71 to 13.87 years. Results were most sensitive to the HIV prevalence and the cost of second-line antiretroviral therapy.Conclusions
Referral of all patients with active TB in India for HIV testing will be both effective and cost-effective. While effective implementation of this strategy would require investment, routine, voluntary HIV testing of TB patients in India should be recommended. 相似文献9.
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