Milky Disease Bacteria

A comparative study was made of all available milky-disease species and strains that have been isolated around the world from beetle larvae (family Scarabaeidae). Included in the study were Bacillus popilliae Dutky, B. lentimorbus Dutky, and B. lentimorbus var. maryland from the United States; B. euloomarahae Beard and B. lentimorbus var. australis Beard from Australia; B. fribourgensis Wille from Switzerland; and New Zealand milky disease (Dumbleton). The organisms were classified into three groups: (i) those containing parasporal bodies, including B. popilliae Dutky, B. fribourgensis Wille, and New Zealand milky disease (Dumbleton); (ii) those without a visible parasporal body and with spore morphology similar to B. lentimorbus Dutky, including B. lentimorbus var. australis Beard; and (iii) those with very tiny spores and no parasporal body, including B. euloomarahae Beard and B. lentimorbus var. maryland. All available milky-disease species and strains were cultivated in vitro on Brain Heart Infusion Agar plates. However, the most fastidious organisms—B. euloomarahae and B. lentimorbus var. maryland—could not be grown until they were passed through a life cycle in larvae of a large scarabaeid beetle infesting rotting wood. Then they remained stable for only one or two subcultures. All the milky-disease organisms produced larger cells in vitro than they did in vivo. The pattern of sugar fermentations was similar for all milky-disease species. It appears that there is a very low percentage of strains of B. popilliae, B. lentimorbus, and the other milky-disease organisms that have the inherent genetic makeup to permit them to sporulate on artificial media, if conditions are favorable. Among these conditions are a sufficiently high cell population and a reduced oxygen tension. Spores produced in vitro may have a low virulence via the normal ingestion pathway, even though they show apparent virulence when injected directly into the hemocoel.     

Role of Leuconostoc mesenteroides in Leavening the Batter of Idli, a Fermented Food of India

The fermentation of the batter of idli, a fermented food of India, was studied. The microorganisms responsible for the characteristic changes in the batter were isolated and identified. Although there is a sequential change in the bacterial flora, the predominant microorganism responsible for souring, as well as for gas production, was found to be Leuconostoc mesenteroides. In the later stages of fermentation, growth of Streptococcus faecalis and, still later, of Pediococcus cerevisiae becomes significant. The fermentation of idli demonstrates a leavening action caused by the activity of the heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium, L. mesenteroides. As far as is known, this is the first record of a leavening action produced exclusively by the activity of a lactic acid bacterium.     

Susceptibility of insecticide-susceptible and wild house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) to abamectin on whitewashed and unpainted wood

Unpainted plywood panels treated with 0.1% abamectin (avermectin B1) provided greater than 90% control of house flies, Musca domestica L., susceptible to insecticides for 4 wk and greater than 70% control for 7 wk compared with 46-92% control observed with permethrin at the same time and rate of application. Efficacy of abamectin on whitewashed panels was similar to that observed on unpainted panels, whereas permethrin was ineffective on whitewashed panels at all rates tested (range, 0.001-0.1%) at all intervals after treatment. Bioassays of newly colonized house flies resistant to permethrin indicated that wild populations may be cross-resistant to abamectin.     

Seed transmission of turnip yellow mosaic virus in winter turnip and winter oilseed rapes

This is the first record of seed transmission of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) in oilseed and turnip rapes. The seed transmission of TYMV in a naturally infected winter turnip rape (Brassica napus var. silvestris) cultivar Perko PVH was investigated. By ELISA 1.6%, 3.2% and 8.3% seed transmission of the virus was found in seed of plants from three localities. The proportion of infected seeds produced by artificially infected plants of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) and winter turnip rape cultivars was determined. The virus transmission rate, expressed as the proportion of virus-infected plants which germinated from the seed was for the oilseed rape cvs Jet Neuf 0.1%, Solida 0.4%, Silesia 0.8%, Darmor 1.2%, SL-507 0.2%, SL-509 0.0% and for the winter turnip rape cv. Perko 1.5%. ELISA cannot be used in direct tests on bulk seed lots to estimate proportion of infected seed, but must be used on germinated seedlings.     

Aspects of hadrosaurian cranial anatomy

Supraorbital bones in Saurolophus angustirostris are described, and their presence in all hadrosaurs is suggested. Frontal-nasal and premaxillar-nasal fontanellae are distinguished in hadrosaurs; their presence is explained as connected with growth and considered to he responsible for the variability of crest structures. New data indicating the presence of a cartilaginous diverticulum nasi within the circumnarial depression in Saurobphus ongustirostris are presented. A physiological (respiratory and/or thermoregulatory) function of the nasal diverticulum is proposed.     

Fermented foods, feeds and beverages

There has been a proliferation of books and papers dealing with the indigenous fermented foods/beverages of the world. It is anticipated that these foods/beverages will play an ever-increasingly important role in feeding both the developing and the developed world as population increases from approximately 4.5 billion to 6 billion by the year 2000 and to 8 to 12 billion people in the 21st century. The indigenous fermented foods consist of microbial protein grown on edible substrates. Microbial or single cell protein (SCP) per se continues to receive research and development attention. It is likely to play an important role in feeding animals in the future when it becomes competitive with soy protein. It may play a direct role in feeding humans in the future after its safety for feeding animals has been adequately demonstrated and it has been shown that it can be processed into foods acceptable to humans. At the present time, mushrooms, a form of microbial protein highly acceptable to humans, which can be grown readily on ligno-cellulosic and other agricultural and food processing wastes, offer considerable opportunity for expanding man's food supply.     

Production of higher alcohols during indonesian tapé ketan fermentation

A study was made of the higher alcohols (fusel oils) produced during the Indonesian tapé ketan fermentation using Amylomyces rouxii as the principal mold, alone or in combination with yeasts belonging to genera commonly found in the tapé ketan fermentation (Endomycopsis, Candida, and Hansenula). Total fusel oils increased with length of fermentation. Fusel oils detected in the product distillate included isobutanol and isoamyl and active amyl alcohols. No n-propanol was detected. Isobutanol and isoamyl alcohols were formed in the largest amounts. A. rouxii alone produced nearly the same quantity of fusel oils (total production, 275 mg/liter at 192 h) as it did in combination with Endomycopsis burtonii (total production, 292 mg/liter at 192 h).A. rouxii and Endomycopsis fibuliger produced fusel oils totaling 72 mg/liter at 32 h and 558 mg/liter at 192 h. A. rouxii in combination with Candida yeasts produced somewhat more fusel oils, ranging from 590 to 618 mg/liter at 192 h. A. rouxii in combination with Hansenula yeasts produced the least fusel oils, totaling 143 to 248 mg/liter at 192 h. During the first 36 h, production of fusel oils was higher at 30 and 35 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. At 48 h fusel oil production was slightly higher at 30 degrees C than at 35 degrees C. Beyond 48 h, production of fusel oils was higher at 25 degrees C. A. rouxii in combination with Hansenula anomala and Hansenula subpelliculosa produced considerable ethyl acetate, ranging from 145 to 199 mg/liter at 36 h and 354 to 369 mg/liter at 192 h.     

European checkerspots (Melitaeini: Lepidoptera,Nymphalidae) are not aposematic – the point of view of great tits (Parus major)

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Multiplex panels of polymorphic microsatellite loci for two cryptic bat species of the genus Pipistrellus,developed by cross‐species amplification within the family Vespertilionidae

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