中国寄生于荔枝瘿蚊的红眼姬小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:小蜂总科:姬小蜂科)(英语)

本文记述了我国南方姬小峰科红眼姬小蜂属Mangocharis一新种,荔枝瘿蚊红眼姬小蜂M.litchiiYang et Luo.该种单个内寄生于严重危害荔枝叶片的荔枝叶瘿蚊Mayetiola sp.幼虫或跨期寄生于该害虫的卵—幼虫期,在自然控制这种害虫上具有重要作用.红眼姬小蜂属在我国首次发现.     

鼎湖山自然林豆科固氮植物资源的调查研究

本文在调查鼎湖山自然林木本豆科植物结瘤固氮的基础上,参阅了国内外有关豆科植物结瘤固氮的主要文献,研究了鼎湖山自然林木本豆科植物的固氮资源。结果得出鼎湖山自然林中常见的木本豆科植物共有41种,其中乔木15种,灌木6种,木质藤本20种;有结瘤固氮特性的26种,其中乔木11种,灌木5种,木质藤本10种;经初步调查未见根瘤的6种,其中乔木2种,灌木1种,木质藤本3种;未调查的9种,其中乔木2种,木质藤本7种。本研究结果为鼎湖山木本豆科固氮植物资源的保护、管理和开发利用提供了科学论据,在理论和应用方面均有重要意义。     

Elemental distribution in striated muscle and the effects of hypertonicity: Electron probe analysis of cryo sections

A method of rapid freezing in supercooled Freon 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) followed by cryoultramicrotomy is described and shown to yield ultrathin sections in which both the cellular ultrastructure and the distribution of diffusible ions across the cell membrane are preserved and intracellular compartmentalization of diffusabler ions can be quantitated. Quantitative electron probe analysis (Shuman, H., A.V. Somlyo, and A.P. Somlyo. 1976. Ultramicros. 1:317-339.) of freeze-dried ultrathin cryto sections was found to provide a valid measure of the composition of cells and cellular organelles and was used to determine the ionic composition of the in situ terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the distribution of CI in skeletal muscle, and the effects of hypertonic solutions on the subcellular composition if striated muscle. There was no evidence of sequestered CI in the terminal cisternae of resting muscles, although calcium (66mmol/kg dry wt +/- 4.6 SE) was detected. The values of [C1](i) determined with small (50-100 nm) diameter probes over cytoplasm excluding organelles over nuclei or terminal cisternae were not significantly different. Mitochondria partially excluded C1, with a cytoplasmic/ mitochondrial Ci ratio of 2.4 +/- 0.88 SD. The elemental concentrations (mmol/kg dry wt +/- SD) of muscle fibers measured with 0.5-9-μm diameter electron probes in normal frog striated muscle were: P, 302 +/- 4.3; S, 189 +/- 2.9;C1, 24 +/- 1.1;K, 404 +/- 4.3, and Mg, 39 +/- 2.1. It is concluded that: (a) in normal muscle the "excess CI" measured with previous bulk chemical analyses and flux studies is not compartmentalized in the SR or in other cellular organelles, and (b) the cytoplasmic C1 in low [K](0) solutions exceeds that predicted by a passive electrochemical distribution. Hypertonic 2.2 X NaCl, 2.5 X sucrose, or 2.2 X Na isethionate produced: (a) swollen vacuoles, frequently paired, adjacent to the Z lines and containing significantly higher than cytoplasmic concentrations of Na and Cl or S (isethionate), but no detectable Ca, and (b) granules of Ca, Mg, and P = approximately (6 Ca + 1 Mg)/6P in the longitudinal SR. It is concluded that hypertonicity produces compartmentalized domains of extracellular solutes within the muscle fibers and translocates Ca into the longitudinal tubules.     

Thermoregulatory responses to temperature manipulation of the spinal cord in the marmot

Yellow-bellied marmots (M. flaviventris) acclimated to T_a = 20 °C were implanted with U-shaped polyethylene thermodes in the peridural space of the spinal cord. Decreasing the temperature of the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar areas of the cord increased heart rate, electromyographic activity, and oxygen consumption in the animals. These responses differed qualitatively from those elicited by heating the same cord areas, indicating specificity of the response to the temperature change.Increases in heat production were proportional to the amount of cooling of the cord. The thoracic area was found to be more thermosensitive than the lumbar area. No behavioral or physical thermoregulation was apparent when the spinal cord temperature was changed in these animals.In addition to the conclusion that regulation of spinal cord temperature may be important in the euthermic marmot, it was postulated that the temperature receptors located in the thoracic cord of the marmot may be important in maintaining shivering thermogenesis during arousal from hibernation.     

A mathematical biothermal model of the california sea lion

The thermal behavior of the California sea lion is modeled by a set of seventeen simultaneous partial differential equations. Numerical solution of these equations yields temperature profiles in the sea lion that closely reproduce experimental data obtained with the animals at rest in air. The model predicts that exercise is necessary to maintain body temperature while immersed in very cold water (0°C) but that very efficient heat conservation occurs during diving because of bradycardia, limited circulation, and absence of respiration.     

香港次生林下植物菌根的调查

本文报道了香港６４种野生植物根系天然感染菌根菌的状况：９８．４％的植物都不同程度地感染上了菌根菌,９８．１％的根样发现受内生菌根（ＶＡＭ）的感染,其中小叶青冈（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｍｙｒｓｉｎａｅｆｏｌｉａ）同时受外生菌根（ＥＣＭ）和内生菌根的感染。该研究揭示了香港次生林植物在自然条件下受菌根菌感染的普遍性,为进一步探讨华南地区菌根与退化地区植物群落演替的关系提供了重要的本底资料。     

广东省豆科植物结瘤固氮及根瘤菌资源的初步研究

于2000～2001年在广东省境内54个县（市、区）进行了豆科植物结瘤固氮资源的调查及根瘤菌的采集工作。共采集到豆科植物根瘤样品484份,隶属于37属78种;根瘤的形状以圆形、椭圆形、珊瑚状和姜状居多,大小一般在1～10 mm之间,颜色多为淡红色或黄色。用乙炔还原法对24种93份根瘤样品进行了固氮酶活性测定,结果表明,大多数样品的固氮酶活性在1～10 μmol C₂H₄·g^-1 fresh nodule·h^-1之间。从采集到的根瘤中分离纯化出410株根瘤菌,对其中312株进行了回接试验,回接成功率为93.3 %。调查发现广东省现有栽培豆科作物种类与《广州植物志》的记载相似,所以本研究在豆科栽培作物方面有一定的代表性。在调查采集到根瘤的豆科植物中,三尖叶猪屎豆（Crotalaria micans）、毛排钱草（Phyllodium elegans）、细长柄山蚂蝗（Podorcarpium leptopus）等在本研究之前未见到有结瘤固氮的报道。