Ancient genomes reveal the genetic inheritance and recent introgression in Chinese indigenous pigs

Science China Life Sciences -     

中国梭梭属植物历史分布格局及其驱动机制

梭梭属(Haloxylon)植物是藜科的古老孑遗物种, 探究末次间冰期(last interglacial period, LIG)和末次盛冰期(last glacial maximum period, LGM)以来中国梭梭属植物的历史地理分布格局及其驱动机制, 对了解气候变化背景下旱生植物区系的发展与演化具有重要意义。本研究利用梭梭属85个自然分布点数据(60条梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)分布记录、25条白梭梭(H. persicum)分布记录)和2套环境因子数据, 整合GIS空间分析和9种物种分布模型, 分析了梭梭属末次间冰期以来的地理分布格局变化及其驱动机制。基于62个梭梭属种群的叶绿体基因测序数据, 利用最小成本路径方法, 模拟了末次间冰期以来梭梭属可能的扩散路径。利用R软件prcomp函数对影响梭梭属分布的环境变量进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA), 评价了环境变量对梭梭属适宜分布的贡献, 并分析了关键变量与分布适宜性的相关性。结果表明: (1)集成模型的模拟精度较单一模型显著提升, 且对白梭梭的模拟精度高于梭梭; (2)末次间冰期以来, 梭梭属植物的分布均经历了显著收缩和冰后期扩张, 末次间冰期至末次盛冰期时期, 在准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地西部广泛分布的梭梭大面积向西退缩至避难所(准噶尔盆地西北缘和塔里木盆地西北缘); 白梭梭从准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地西端向南退缩至避难所(准噶尔盆地南缘); 末次盛冰期至今, 梭梭向东沿甘肃北部扩张直至内蒙古西部阿拉善荒漠, 白梭梭向东北方向小范围扩张, 占据了准噶尔盆地西部和南缘; (3)末次间冰期以来的气候波动对梭梭属植物的分布存在较大限制, 降水因子主导了梭梭属适宜分布面积的变化, 温度因子影响了梭梭属分布适宜性的高低。     

新疆三种独尾草的适宜分布及其对未来气候变化的响应

研究国内仅分布于新疆的3种短命植物阿尔泰独尾草(Eremurus altaicus)、粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)和异翅独尾草(Eremurus anisopterus)的适宜分布及其对未来气候的可能响应,对新疆短命植物资源的分布、利用与科学保护具有重要意义。共收集了64个自然分布点,筛选了6个气候因子和2个地形因子数据,利用MaxEnt模型和地理信息系统ArcGIS软件模拟了当前气候情景下3种独尾草的生态适宜性,探讨影响3种植物分布的主导因子及其数值范围,预测3种独尾草的适宜分布对未来气候变化(2001—2040年、2041—2080年,基于温室气体中等排放情景：SSP2-4.5共享社会经济路径)的可能响应。结果表明：(1)基准气候下,3种独尾草在新疆的适宜分布存在较大差异：阿尔泰独尾草主要分布于伊犁河谷、天山北麓、阿尔泰山中段和准噶尔西部山地;两种沙生独尾草均分布于天山中段的绿洲-荒漠区过渡带,古尔班通古特沙漠西南部沙地;(2)最干月降水量(1—25mm)主要限制了阿尔泰独尾草的适宜分布;温度季节性变动指数(1150—1672)主要限制了两种沙生独尾草的适...     

Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-IV enhances lipid secretion in IPEC-1 cells by increasing chylomicron size

Intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV expression is highly regulated by dietary lipid in newborn swine, suggesting a role in lipid absorption. Constitutive overexpression of apoA-IV in newborn swine enterocytes enhances basolateral secretion of triacylglycerol (TG) in TG-rich lipoproteins 4.9-fold (Lu, S., Yao, Y., Meng, S., Cheng, X., and Black, D. D. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 31929-31937). To investigate the mechanism of this enhancement, IPEC-1 cells were transfected with a tetracycline-regulatable expression system (Tet-On). In cells incubated with oleic acid, a dose response relationship was observed between medium doxycycline concentration and basolateral apoA-IV and TG secretion. Similarly regulated expression of apoA-I did not enhance lipid secretion. The mean diameter of TG-rich lipoproteins secreted from doxycycline-treated cells was larger than from untreated cells (87.0 nm versus 53.4 nm). Basolateral apoB secretion decreased. Using the same expression system, full-length human apoA-IV (376 amino acids); a "pig-like" human apoA-IV, lacking the C-terminal EQQQ repeats (361 amino acids); and a "chicken-like" apoA-IV, further truncated to 343 amino acids, were expressed in IPEC-1 cells. With increasing protein secretion, cells expressing the full-length human apoA-IV displayed a 2-fold increase in TG secretion; in sharp contrast, cells expressing the pig-like human apoA-IV displayed a 25-fold increase in TG secretion and a 27-fold increase in lipoprotein diameter. When human apoA-IV was further truncated to yield a chicken-like protein, TG secretion was inhibited. We conclude that overexpression of swine apoA-IV enhances basolateral TG secretion in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the size of secreted lipoproteins. These data suggest that the region in the human apoA-IV protein from residues 344 to 354 is critical to its ability to enhance lipid secretion, perhaps by enabling the packaging of additional core TG into chylomicron particles. The EQQQ-rich region may play an inhibitory or modulatory role in chylomicron packaging in humans.     

新疆猪毛菜属植物多样性地理分布格局及其环境解释

猪毛菜属(Salsola)是新疆干旱区分布最为丰富的被子植物属之一,是盐碱和荒漠区的先锋种和建群种,对西北干旱区植被恢复与建设具有巨大生态价值。基于新疆自然分布的33种猪毛菜属物种共741个分布数据,整合利用点格局法和物种分布模型法构建了物种丰富度(SR)、加权特有性指数(WE)和校正加权特有性指数(CWE)的分布格局。选取环境能量、水分可获得性、气候季节性、生境异质性、土壤条件和历史气候变化共6类19种生态因子,利用地理加权回归模型(GWR)探究了环境异质性对猪毛菜属物种丰富度的影响。结果显示：(1)基于现实点位模型和物种分布模型构建的物种丰富度具有一致性,均呈北高南低、西高东低的破碎化分布趋势,但物种分布模型的结果在空间上比点格局法更连续,物种丰富度的高值区主要分布于准噶尔盆地南缘、准噶尔西部山地、天山西端和天山南脉南缘;(2)加权特有性指数和校正加权特有性指数的分布格局与物种丰富度分布格局具有一定差异,其最大值集中分布于准噶尔盆地南缘、伊犁河谷和塔里木盆地西南缘;(3)GWR模型结果表明,海拔变幅、土壤酸碱度和最干月降水量是制约新疆分布的猪毛菜属丰富度和特有性分布的最重要因素。     

Mesoporous Hybrid Electrolyte for Simultaneously Inhibiting Lithium Dendrites and Polysulfide Shuttle in Li–S Batteries

A bifunctional hybrid electrolyte composed of mesoporous silica nanosheets and liquid electrolyte is achieved for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. This hybrid electrolyte possesses abundant mesopores (2.8 nm), thin feature (20 µm), and high ionic conductivity (1.17 × 10^?1 mS cm^?1) as well as a low interfacial resistance with electrodes. Such unique features not only enable the efficient inhibition of the growth of lithium dendrites, but also significantly prevents polysulfide shuttling. Consequently, a Li–S battery with this hybrid electrolyte exhibits a relatively high reversible capacity and good capacity retention.     

Conversion of carbazole carboxamide based reversible inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) into potent,selective irreversible inhibitors in the carbazole,tetrahydrocarbazole, and a new 2,3-dimethylindole series

Incorporation of a suitably-placed electrophilic group transformed a series of reversible BTK inhibitors based on carbazole-1-carboxamide and tetrahydrocarbazole-1-carboxamide into potent, irreversible inhibitors. Removal of one ring from the core of these compounds provided a potent irreversible series of 2,3-dimethylindole-7-carboxamides having excellent potency and improved selectivity, with the additional advantages of reduced lipophilicity and molecular weight.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术产生肌肉特异表达Cas9的小鼠胚胎

目的通过CRISPR/Cas9技术获得肌肉特异性表达Cas9蛋白小鼠胚胎,为建立肌肉特异表达Cas9小鼠动物模型奠定基础。方法设计小鼠Rosa26位点sgRNA并通过体外酶切验证活性,同时使用同源重组构建肌肉特异性同源打靶载体;通过显微注射将Rosa26sgRNA与Cas9蛋白注射到小鼠胚胎,通过PCR及测序检测胚胎的编辑情况,同时移植到假孕母鼠体内,待其生产;将同源打靶载体与Rosa26sgRNA和Cas9一起注射到小鼠胚胎,通过PCR检测整合情况。结果体外酶切实验表明,体外转录的sgRNA与Cas9蛋白联合可对靶位点产生编辑作用;成功构建了肌肉特异性同源打靶载体Donor-SP-px459;通过原核注射获得Rosa26基因编辑胚胎,经移植获得Rosa26基因编辑小鼠;注射同源打靶载体后,成功获得肌肉特异表达Cas9蛋白的基因打靶小鼠胚胎。结论利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,成功获得Rosa26基因编辑胚胎和小鼠,并获得了肌肉特异性表达Cas9蛋白小鼠胚胎,为利用基因打靶构建肌肉特异表达Cas9的小鼠动物模型奠定基础。     

中国宝鸡关桃园新石器遗址中发现的金丝猴头骨及其意义

关桃园遗址位于陕西宝鸡市陈仓区(原宝鸡县,2004年改制)西部深山区拓石镇关桃园村(34°30′N,106°29′E),该村坐落于渭河东北岸一块发育较良好的黄土台地北部,北依骆驼山,南临渭河及西秦岭群峰,东距宝鸡市83km。2002年为配合宝(鸡)—兰(州)铁路二期工程建设,陕西省考古研究所和宝鸡市考古工作队组成联合考古队,从1月至8月底对该遗址进行较大规模的科学发掘,发现了极其丰富的前仰韶时期文化、部分仰韶及周代遗存等(陕西省考古研究所和宝鸡市考古工作队,2006)。根据遗迹之间的打破关系和陶器形制变化的特征,遗存自上而下分为西周文化(Ⅵ期)…     

Heterologous expression of human interleukin-6 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces lividans</Emphasis> TK24 using novel secretory expression vectors

Streptomyces is an attractive host for heterologous protein secretion. To further optimize its expression capacity, better expression vectors will be helpful. Here, based on pSGL1, a high copy number plasmid present in Streptomyces globisporus C-1027, we constructed a series of novel E. coli-Streptomyces shuttle expression vectors pIMB2–4. These vectors, which are compatible with pIJ-derived vectors, contain the strong promoter ermE*p and signal sequence SP _MelC1 of the first ORF of melanin operon in S. antibiotics (pIMB2), SP _CagA of C-1027 apoprotein in S. globisporus C-1027 (pIMB3 and pIMB4). Using these vectors, human interleukin-6 (IL-6) could successfully be expressed and secreted using S. lividans TK24 as host. Furthermore, replacement of a rare leucine codon TTA with CTG in SP _CagA enhanced IL-6 production.