Optimization of function of breath by means of training with additional resistive resistance

Research on studying influence of the rate of muscular training in conditions of additional resistive resistance to breath on a level of physical working capacity, aerobic productivity and a functional condition of system of breath was performed. It is shown, that regular muscular loadings in a combination to resistive resistance to breath in a mode of an interval exposition provide an increase of profitability and efficiency of functioning of breathing system as expressed in increase of expiratory force respiratory muscles, rationalization of parity of volumetric-time parameters of breath pattern that promotes more effective gas exchange and decrease in power cost of respiratory movements and as a result leads to increase in aerobic productivity and growth of the general and special working capacity. At continuous exposition of resistive resistance against a background of muscular training, the increase of inspiratory force of respiratory muscles, increase of functional capacity of system of breath were revealed at physical activity as well as a significant gain of the general physical working capacity.     

A Method for Calculating the Volume and Surface Area in Rice Mesophyll Cells

A method was developed for determining the surface area and volume of rice mesophyll cells of elaborate configuration. The method was employed to calculate these indices in several types of rice mesophyll cells found in seventy samples (53 species) of diverse origin coming from Japan, China, Korea, India, Nepal, Australia, France, Italy, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Krasnodar and Primorskii regions. The cultivars of diverse geographic origin varied in cell shape and size due to the number, size, and arrangement of chloroplasts. When the volumes and surface areas of leaf mesophyll cells were compared using the method reported herein and a simple empirical model of the cell as a single ellipsoid, the two methods produced relatively similar data for cell volume; however, the surface area calculated by the former method was about two times larger than in the latter case. The method described in this paper allows for accurate calculations of the volume and surface area of rice mesophyll cells when data are available on the cell shape and linear dimensions and the number of chloroplasts per cell.     

Functional reaction of the human body to different ways of respiration regulation

Reactions of the body to different ways of regulation of respiration, i.e., through the elastic resistance to respiratory movements and external dead space volume, as well as voluntary hyper- and hypoventilation, were studied. An increased elastic resistance to respiratory movements was established to create conditions for intense loading of respiratory musculature and to determine an increased in oxygen consumption. An increase in the external dead space produces a marked complex reaction of the body to the hypoxichypercapnic content of the inhaled gas mixture, causing hyperventilation and heightened work of the respiratory musculature and stimulating metabolism. Voluntary hyperventilation during muscular effort leads to a state of relative hypocapnia, gross loss of efficiency, and economic external respiration and gas exchange. Voluntary hypoventilation in the course of muscular effort brings about marked shifts in gas homeostasis towards alveolar hypoxia and hypercapnia. A concurrent increase in the efficiency and economy of external respiration and gas exchange is observed.     

Warble flies (Hypodermatidae, Oestridae) of marals and axis deer of the Gorno-Altai

The paper considers diseases of marals and axis deer caused by warble flies as one of the factors affecting the deer-breeding productivity. Data on the infection rate of marals with larvae of Hypoderma diana and Pharynomyia picta and axis deer with H. diana are given.     

Serological diagnosis of an infestation caused by the early developmental stages of botfly larvae (Oedemagena tarandi) in reindeer

Undertaken investigations have shown that the antigen prepared from larvae of O. tarandi is diagnostically effective and stricktly specific only to this infection in the reaction of indirect hemagglutination (RIHA). The experiments have proved the possibility of practical use of RIHA as a principal method of early diagnosis of infection of reindeer caused by O. tarandi.     

The biological aspects of botfly invasions in reindeer]

Field and laboratory studies established the development time of all the phases of Oedemagena tarandi and Cephenemyia trompe in different climatic zones of their habitat. The phenological and ecological features of O. tarandi and C. trompe in the aforesaid zones were identified which are the basis for scientifically grounded prophylactic measures. Data on potential and actual fecundity make it possible to calculate their reproduction potential and to forecast the invasion intensity of the reindeer in the next season.     

Effects of application resistive and flex resistance to breath in training sportsmen

The research on studying influence of a rate of muscular training in conditions of additional aerodynamic and flex resistance to breath on a level of physical working capacity, aerobic productivity and a functional condition of system of breath is carried out. It is shown, that regular muscular training on a background of use of the dosed out breath with increased aerodynamic and flex resistance to respiratory streams and respiratory movements, first of all, provides essential growth of functionalities of the respiratory muscles expressed in authentic increase of power and speed-power parameters, shortening of time of impellent reaction of respiratory muscles. Improvement of a functional condition of respiratory system, and, in particular, respiratory muscles, causes significant growth of physical working capacity and physical readiness of young sportsmen.