全文获取类型
收费全文 | 626篇 |
免费 | 48篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 16篇 |
2020年 | 14篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 13篇 |
2017年 | 16篇 |
2016年 | 21篇 |
2015年 | 27篇 |
2014年 | 29篇 |
2013年 | 27篇 |
2012年 | 33篇 |
2011年 | 31篇 |
2010年 | 33篇 |
2009年 | 23篇 |
2008年 | 31篇 |
2007年 | 14篇 |
2006年 | 19篇 |
2005年 | 16篇 |
2004年 | 24篇 |
2003年 | 17篇 |
2002年 | 12篇 |
2001年 | 21篇 |
2000年 | 20篇 |
1999年 | 12篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有674条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Matthew E. Downs Amanda Buch Carlos Sierra Maria Eleni Karakatsani Shangshang Chen Elisa E. Konofagou Vincent P. Ferrera 《PloS one》2015,10(5)
Focused Ultrasound (FUS) coupled with intravenous administration of microbubbles (MB) is a non-invasive technique that has been shown to reliably open (increase the permeability of) the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in multiple in vivo models including non-human primates (NHP). This procedure has shown promise for clinical and basic science applications, yet the safety and potential neurological effects of long term application in NHP requires further investigation under parameters shown to be efficacious in that species (500kHz, 200–400 kPa, 4–5μm MB, 2 minute sonication). In this study, we repeatedly opened the BBB in the caudate and putamen regions of the basal ganglia of 4 NHP using FUS with systemically-administered MB over 4–20 months. We assessed the safety of the FUS with MB procedure using MRI to detect edema or hemorrhaging in the brain. Contrast enhanced T1-weighted MRI sequences showed a 98% success rate for openings in the targeted regions. T2-weighted and SWI sequences indicated a lack edema in the majority of the cases. We investigated potential neurological effects of the FUS with MB procedure through quantitative cognitive testing of’ visual, cognitive, motivational, and motor function using a random dot motion task with reward magnitude bias presented on a touchpanel display. Reaction times during the task significantly increased on the day of the FUS with MB procedure. This increase returned to baseline within 4–5 days after the procedure. Visual motion discrimination thresholds were unaffected. Our results indicate FUS with MB can be a safe method for repeated opening of the BBB at the basal ganglia in NHP for up to 20 months without any long-term negative physiological or neurological effects with the parameters used. 相似文献
2.
3.
A comparative description of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in selected avian and other vertebrate genera 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13
Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence divergence between species
within each of several avian (Anas, Aythya, Dendroica, Melospiza, and
Zonotrichia) and nonavian (Lepomis and Hyla) vertebrate genera were
compared. An analysis of digestion profiles generated by 13-18 restriction
endonucleases indicates little overlap in magnitude of mtDNA divergence for
the avian versus nonavian taxa examined. In 55 interspecific comparisons
among the avian congeners, the fraction of identical fragment lengths (F)
ranged from 0.26 to 0.96 (F = 0.46), and, given certain assumptions, these
translate into estimates of nucleotide sequence divergence (p) ranging from
0.007 to 0.088; in 46 comparisons among the fish and amphibian congeners, F
values ranged from 0.00 to 0.36 (F = 0.09), yielding estimates of P greater
than 0.070. The small mtDNA distances among avian congeners are associated
with protein-electrophoretic distances (D values) less than approximately
0.2, while the mtDNA distances among assayed fish and amphibian congeners
are associated with D values usually greater than 0.4. Since the
conservative pattern of protein differentiation previously reported for
many avian versus nonavian taxa now appears to be paralleled by a
conservative pattern of mtDNA divergence, it seems increasingly likely that
many avian species have shared more recent common ancestors than have their
nonavian taxonomic counterparts. However, estimates of avian divergence
times derived from mtDNA- and protein-calibrated clocks cannot readily be
reconciled with some published dates based on limited fossil remains. If
the earlier paleontological interpretations are valid, then protein and
mtDNA evolution must be somewhat decelerated in birds. The empirical and
conceptual issues raised by these findings are highly analogous to those in
the long-standing debate about rates of molecular evolution and times of
separation of ancestral hominids from African apes.
相似文献
4.
Methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes 总被引:23,自引:2,他引:21
Statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching
points of an evolutionary tree are developed. These methods are for the
unweighted pair-group method-determined (UPGMA) trees reconstructed from
molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences,
restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. They were applied to
data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species.
Among the four different sets of data used, DNA sequences for an
895-nucleotide segment of mitochondrial DNA (Brown et al. 1982) gave the
most reliable tree, whereas electrophoretic data (Bruce and Ayala 1979)
gave the least reliable one. The DNA sequence data suggested that the
chimpanzee is the closest and that the gorilla is the next closest to the
human species. The orangutan and gibbon are more distantly related to man
than is the gorilla. This topology of the tree is in agreement with that
for the tree obtained from chromosomal studies and DNA-hybridization
experiments. However, the difference between the branching point for the
human and the chimpanzee species and that for the gorilla species and the
human-chimpanzee group is not statistically significant. In addition to
this analysis, various factors that affect the accuracy of an estimated
tree are discussed.
相似文献
5.
A J Fernández M A Sierra A Méndez E Mozos M C Moyano L Carrasco 《Cell structure and function》1986,11(4):379-382
Effects of septic shock by repeated inoculations with Escherichia coli on the ultrastructure of the folliculo-stellate cells and cavities of the adenohypophysis of the chicken were investigated in order to determine the function of these cavities. The principal morphological modifications were dilation of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and autophagic vacuoles, and necrosis phenomena in the stellate cells. The follicular cavities showed dilation, and there was heterogeneous dense material and granular elements in the follicular lumen. Based on results reported in the literature, the observations reported here are evidence of a "cleaning-role", for the removal of cell debris, when there is endocrine disfunction. 相似文献
6.
Biosynthesis of mitochondrial enzymes 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
7.
A sensitive and facile assay for heme oxygenase (HO) has been developed. The basis of the assay is the detection of [14C]bilirubin formation in a coupled enzyme assay involving HO and biliverdin reductase actions, respectively. Separation of substrate from product is accomplished by thin-layer chromatography with subsequent quantitation by liquid scintillation counting of radioactive material present on chromatograms. As little as 20 micrograms of total cellular protein derived from cells growing in a standard 25-cm2 culture flask is sufficient for detection of HO enzyme activity using this assay. The reaction is inhibited by tin-protoporphyrin (10 microM final concentration), a specific inhibitor of HO. The linearity of the enzyme reaction with respect to incubation time and amount of protein used was established. Comparison of the new HO assay with a spectrophotometric assay was made, and good agreement of the results from both methods was found. The assay described here should facilitate measurements of this important heme-degrading enzyme in tissue culture studies and cases where limited amounts of material are available. 相似文献
8.
Anonymous nuclear DNA markers in the American oyster and their implications for the heterozygote deficiency phenomenon in marine bivalves 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A puzzling population-genetic phenomenon widely reported in allozyme
surveys of marine bivalves is the occurrence of heterozygote deficits
relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Possible explanations for this
pattern are categorized with respect to whether the effects should be
confined to protein-level assays or are genomically pervasive and expected
to be registered in both protein- and DNA-level assays. Anonymous nuclear
DNA markers from the American oyster were employed to reexamine the
phenomenon. In assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), two
DNA-level processes were encountered that can lead to artifactual genotypic
scorings: (a) differential amplification of alleles at a target locus and
(b) amplification from multiple paralogous loci. We describe symptoms of
these complications and prescribe methods that should generally help to
ameliorate them. When artifactual scorings at two anonymous DNA loci in the
American oyster were corrected, Hardy-Weinberg deviations registered in
preliminary population assays decreased to nonsignificant values.
Implications of these findings for the heterozygote-deficit phenomenon in
marine bivalves, and for the general development and use of PCR-based
assays, are discussed.
相似文献
9.
10.
E. González-Fandos M.L. García-López M.L. Sierra A. Otero 《Journal of applied microbiology》1994,77(5):549-552
E. GONZÁLEZ-FANDOS, M.L. GARCÍA-LÓPEZ, M.L. SIERRA AND A. OTERO. 1994. The inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin and thermonuclease production by various concentrations of garlic ( Allium sativum ) was studied in BHI broth. The growth of Staph. aureus was inhibited by dehydrated garlic at levels of 1.5% (w/v) and over. Enterotoxins A, B and C1 were only detectable in broth containing < 1% of garlic while enterotoxin D was produced at a level of 2%. Garlic also inhibited thermonuclease (TNAse) production, complete inhibition being observed at levels ≥ 1.5%. TNAse was not always detected when enterotoxin was present. 相似文献