Correction to: Sex and race differences of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites in healthy individuals

Metabolomics - Metabolomics applications to the aquaculture research are increasing steadily. The use of standardized proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy can provide the...     

Interferon-induced alterations in membrane functions and the growth of Daudi lymphoma and Friend leukemia cells

The Friend murine erythroleukemia cell system and the Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma cell system were used to study the effect of growth-inhibitory concentrations of interferon on membrane functions. Experiments with Friend-cell clones sensitive and resistant to interferon indicated that a number of changes in membrane transport occur rapidly after the addition of interferon to sensitive cells. While no change was observed in the activity of the (Na+/K+) ATPase in Friend cells sensitive or resistant to interferon, a piretanide-inhibitable Na+,K+, 2Cl- co-transport system was specifically inhibited after interferon treatment of sensitive cells. In contrast, treatment of Daudi cells with purified molecularly cloned or standard preparations of human leukocyte interferon gave rise to no early changes in the transport of amino acids, 32Pi, sugars, or 86Rb+. The major change observed in Daudi cells was a marked reduction in the uptake and incorporation of thymidine, which begins to decrease after 8-10 h of exposure to interferon.     

A single, low, oral dose of a 5-carbon-linked trioxane dimer orthoester plus mefloquine cures malaria-infected mice

Four 5-carbon-linked trioxane dimer orthoesters (6a-6d) have been prepared in 4 or 5 chemical steps from the natural trioxane artemisinin (1). When administered orally to malaria-infected mice using a single dose of only 6 mg/kg body weight along with 18 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride, trioxane dimer orthoester sulfone 6d completely and safely cured the mice; after 30 days, the cured mice showed no detectable parasitemia, gained at least as much weight as the control mice (no infection), and behaved normally.     

Hydration, thermoregulation, and performance effects of two sport drinks during soccer training sessions

In the present study, we aimed to compare the thermoregulatory response and soccer-specific training performance aspects of two commercially available sport drinks, both of similar carbohydrate concentration, but one containing 5.2% glycerol. Ten players participated in two similar outdoor training sessions and were randomly assigned to each of two drinks: a carbohydrate (C) beverage or a carbohydrate-glycerol (CG) beverage. Players consumed 500 mL of C or CG 30 minutes pre-exercise and at half-time. Pre- and postexercise body mass, core temperature (CT), and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and urine and blood samples were taken. No difference was observed between days for wet bulb globe temperature (session 1: 17.0 +/- 1.1 degrees C, session 2: 16.9 +/- 1.1 degrees C; P = 0.944). The degree of dehydration (% Delta BM) was greater after the C trial (P = 0.041). Similarly, percent change in plasma volume was greater in the C trial (P = 0.049). No overall main affect was observed between CT and mean exercise HRs during either training session (CT: P = 0.350; mean HR: P = 0.256), and there was no difference observed between groups in time to failure during the session-ending fatigue test (P = 0.547). Ingestion of a CG beverage provided players with better hydration than C alone. However, if training sessions are short (<75 minute), with adequate time for recovery, both drinks are sufficient for maintaining performance intensities during soccer-specific training.     

mtDNA diversity in rhesus monkeys reveals overestimates of divergence time and paraphyly with neighboring species

Reconstructions of the human-African great ape phylogeny by using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been subject to considerable debate. One confounding factor may be the lack of data on intraspecific variation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intraspecific mtDNA diversity on the phylogenetic reconstruction of another Plio- Pleistocene radiation of higher primates, the fascicularis group of macaque (Macaca) monkey species. Fifteen endonucleases were used to identify 10 haplotypes of 40-47 restriction sites in M. mulatta, which were compared with similar data for the other members of this species group. Interpopulational, intraspecific mtDNA diversity was large (0.5%- 4.5%), and estimates of divergence time and branching order incorporating this variation were substantially different from those based on single representatives of each species. We conclude that intraspecific mtDNA diversity is substantial in at least some primate species. Consequently, without prior information on the extent of genetic diversity within a particular species, intraspecific variation must be assessed and accounted for when reconstructing primate phylogenies. Further, we question the reliability of hominoid mtDNA phylogenies, based as they are on one or a few representatives of each species, in an already depauperate superfamily of primates.      

The influence of exogenous carbohydrate provision and pre-exercise alkalosis on the heat shock protein response to prolonged interval cycling

The aim of this study was to observe the intracellular heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and heme oxygenase-1 (HSP32) response to prolonged interval cycling following the ingestion of carbohydrates (CHO) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). Six recreationally active males (mean ± SD; age 23.2 ± 2.9 years, height 179.5 ± 5.5 cm, body mass 76.5 ± 6.8 kg, and peak power output 315 ± 36 W) volunteered to complete a 90 min interval cycling exercise on four occasions. The trials were completed in a random and blinded manner following ingestion of either: placebo and an artificial sweetener (P–P), NaHCO₃ and sweetener (B–P), placebo and CHO (P–CHO), and NaHCO₃ and CHO (B–CHO). Both HSP72 and HSP32 were significantly increased in monocytes and lymphocytes from 45 min post-exercise (p ≤ 0.039), with strong relationships between both cell types (HSP72, r = 0.83; HSP32, r = 0.89). Exogenous CHO had no influence on either HSP72 or HSP32, but the ingestion of NaHCO₃ significantly attenuated HSP32 in monocytes and lymphocytes (p ≤ 0.042). In conclusion, the intracellular stress protein response to 90 min interval exercise is closely related in monocytes and lymphocytes, and HSP32 appears to be attenuated with a pre-exercise alkalosis.