Simulating the rice yield change in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River under SRES B2 scenario

As one of the most important crops in China, rice accounts for 18% of the country’s total cultivated area. Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration and associated climate change may greatly affect the rice productivity. Therefore, understanding the impacts of climate change on rice production is of great significance. This paper aims to examine the potential impacts of future climate change on the rice yield in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which is one of the most important food production regions in China. Climate data generated by the regional climate Model PRECIS for the baseline (1961–1990) and future (2021–2050) period under IPCC SRES B2 scenario were employed as the input of the rice crop model ORYZA2000. Four experimental schemes were carried out to evaluate the effects of future climate warming, CO₂ fertilization and water managements (i.e., irrigation and rain-fed) on rice production. The results indicated that the average rice growth duration would be shortened by 4 days and the average rice yield would be declined by more than 14% as mean temperature raised by 1.5 °C during the rice growing season in 2021–2050 period under B2 scenario. This negative effect of climate warming was more obvious on the middle and late rice than early rice, since both of them experience higher mean temperature and more extreme high temperature events in the growth period from July to September. The significance effect of the enhanced CO₂ fertilization to rice yield was found under elevated CO₂ concentrations in 2021–2050 period under B2 scenario, which would increase rice yield by more than 10%, but it was still not enough to offset the negative effect of increasing temperature. As an important limiting factor to rice yield, precipitation contributed less to the variation of rice yield than either increased temperature or CO₂ fertilization, while the spatial distribution of rice yield depended on the temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature. Compared to the rain-fed rice, the irrigated rice generally had higher rice yield over the study area, since the irrigated rice was less affected by climate change. Irrigation could increase the rice yield by more than 50% over the region north of the Yangtze River, with less contribution to the south, since irrigation can relieve the water stress for rice growing in the north region of the study area. The results above indicated that future climate change would significantly affect the rice production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the adverse effect of future climate change on rice production will be reduced by taking adaptation measures to avoid disadvantages. However, there is uncertainty in the rice production response prediction due to the rice acclimation to climate change and bias in the simulation of rice yield with uncertainty of parameters accompanied with the uncertainty of future climate change scenario.     

太湖生态系统能量闭合特征及其影响因素

地表能量不闭合不仅限制了涡度相关观测数据在陆面模型发展和验证等应用性研究中的价值,还给生态系统CO2源汇特征辨析带来不确定性。基于太湖避风港站2012年涡度相关通量、辐射、气象和水温梯度观测数据,分析了太湖能量闭合的多尺度(小时、日和月)时间变化特征,阐述了大气稳定度、摩擦风速和湖风对太湖能量闭合状况的影响。结果表明:太湖小时尺度的能量闭合度为0.59,且昼夜差异较小;日尺度的能量闭合度为0.73,在内陆水体观测结果中处于中等水平;月平均能量闭合度呈现冬季高、夏季低的季节变化特征;年平均时太湖仍有27%的能量不闭合。因摩擦风速减小,太湖能量闭合度在大气极不稳定条件下要比弱不稳定条件下结果低0.3;对于太湖这类大型浅水湖泊,其能量闭合度全天都受动力湍流交换强度制约,能量闭合度随摩擦风速增大而显著提高;虽然湖风发生使太湖小时尺度的能量闭合度降低了0.1,但其影响在日尺度上并不明显。     

冬小麦农田中净辐射的研究

本文对陕西泾阳地区冬小麦田净辐射进行了分段和分层模拟,取得了较好的拟合效果,相对误差在１０％以内。确定了麦田相对叶面积函数最大值的出现高度为４．５／７Ｈ,介于高粱（４／７Ｈ）和谷子（５／７Ｈ）之间。计算了不同发育期、不同层次至冠层顶部累积叶片的消光系数,结果表明,消光系数因发育期和叶片层次而异,拔节期,由旗叶向下,消光系数增大,乳熟期旗叶的消光系数最大,比拔节期大一倍,倒二叶以上两个层次叶片消光系数较小。就平均而言,冬小麦消光系数拔节期为０．５１,乳熟期为０．５６。本项成果为进一步开展麦田小气候研究提供了有意义的数据和方法。     

Genome-wide linkage mapping of yield-related traits in three Chinese bread wheat populations using high-density SNP markers

Key message

We identified 21 new and stable QTL, and 11 QTL clusters for yield-related traits in three bread wheat populations using the wheat 90 K SNP assay.

Abstract

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield-related traits and closely linked molecular markers is important in order to identify gene/QTL for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding. The objectives of the present study were to identify QTL for yield-related traits and dissect the relationships among different traits in three wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from crosses Doumai?×?Shi 4185 (D?×?S), Gaocheng 8901?×?Zhoumai 16 (G?×?Z) and Linmai 2?×?Zhong 892 (L?×?Z). Using the available high-density linkage maps previously constructed with the wheat 90 K iSelect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, 65, 46 and 53 QTL for 12 traits were identified in the three RIL populations, respectively. Among them, 34, 23 and 27 were likely to be new QTL. Eighteen common QTL were detected across two or three populations. Eleven QTL clusters harboring multiple QTL were detected in different populations, and the interval 15.5–32.3 cM around the Rht-B1 locus on chromosome 4BS harboring 20 QTL is an important region determining grain yield (GY). Thousand-kernel weight (TKW) is significantly affected by kernel width and plant height (PH), whereas flag leaf width can be used to select lines with large kernel number per spike. Eleven candidate genes were identified, including eight cloned genes for kernel, heading date (HD) and PH-related traits as well as predicted genes for TKW, spike length and HD. The closest SNP markers of stable QTL or QTL clusters can be used for MAS in wheat breeding using kompetitive allele-specific PCR or semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR assays for improvement of GY.

     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">TaELF3-1DL</Emphasis>, a homolog of <Emphasis Type="Italic">ELF3</Emphasis>, is associated with heading date in bread wheat

Early flowering 3 (ELF3) is a regulator to modulate photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis. The homologs of ELF3 in rice and barley also have been identified essential for regulation of flowering time. In the current study, TaELF3 genes, homologs of ELF3 in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), were cloned by a comparative genomics approach and located on homologous group 1 chromosomes, designated as TaELF3-1AL, TaELF3-1BL, and TaELF3-1DL, respectively. A sequence-tagged site (STS) marker was developed based on sequence polymorphism at the TaELF3-1DL locus. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date (HD) co-segregating with TaELF3-1DL explained 7.7–20.6% of the phenotypic variance in a RIL mapping population derived from the Gaocheng 8901/Zhoumai 16 cross genotyped using the wheat 90K iSelect assay. The late HD allele of TaELF3-1DL was prevalently selected in China’s specific wheat-growing regions and other countries. This study produces novel information in better understanding HD and provides a reliable functional marker for molecular marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding.     

Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China

Science China Life Sciences - Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop that feeds 40% of the world’s population. Over the past several decades, advances in genomics have led to...     

陆地生态系统碳水通量贡献区评价综述

综述了通量贡献区研究的基本理论、最新进展、研究热点与难点,旨在促进中国区域碳水通量数据空间代表性的定量评价.通量贡献区是通量观测点上风向的空间代表区域,能够反映代表区域对应下垫面的源区内每一点对观测点的通量贡献权重影响,主要受观测高度、空气动力学粗糙度和大气稳定度等因素的影响.通量贡献区通常随着观测高度的增加、空气动力学粗糙度的降低和大气稳定度的增加而变大,反之则变小.通量贡献区的评价模型包括解析模型、拉格朗日随机模型、大涡模拟和闭合模型四类.通量贡献区的评价结果可以广泛应用于通量数据质量评价、实验设计的指导、与遥感技术结合的区域尺度的总初级生产力的估算、城市CO2通量变化的评估以及能量闭合的评价等研究.最新研究表明,对流边界层的通量贡献区存在负的通量贡献区域;有裸地存在的情况下解析模型通常会低估裸地对观测通量的贡献;与水平地面处的通量贡献区相比,山谷处通量贡献区变小而山脊处的通量贡献区变大.通量贡献区模型研究应进一步考虑大气中的平流效应、湍流的非高斯扩散以及建立冠层内部的通量贡献区模型.解决森林冠层内流场的不均匀性、冠层重叠问题、冠层湍流的不稳定性是建立适合冠层内部通量贡献区模型的前提条件.在理想条件的气体释放验证试验的基础上,需要开展复杂条件下的相关试验.     

中国西北潜在蒸散时空演变特征及其定量化成因

潜在蒸散是区域干湿状况评价、作物需水量估算和水资源合理规划的关键因子。基于FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和126个台站1961—2009年逐日气象观测资料估算西北干旱半干旱区的潜在蒸散量ET0,并对其空间分布特征进行了讨论。通过非参数化Sen趋势分析法和M-K统计检验法方法分析潜在蒸散的时间演变规律,并定量探讨了西北地区影响ET0变化的主导因素。结果表明:49 a来,西北地区ET0的年平均值约为980.63 mm,其中夏季的值最大,冬季的值最小。年平均ET0的大值区位于西北日照时数的高值中心,低值区主要位于海拔高,气温低的山区。西北地形和气候的多样性导致多年平均潜在蒸散的变化及其原因具有明显的时空差异。ET0的变化主要归因于风速和气温,而相对湿度和日照时数的作用较小。由于风速的负贡献超过气温的正贡献,导致年平均ET0整体上呈下降趋势。四季中,春冬两季的ET0缓慢上升,冬季的变化率是春季的两倍;夏秋两季的ET0有所下降,但只有夏季的变化趋势显著。春、夏、秋三季ET0变化的首要主导因子是风速,而冬季的首要主导因子是气温。空间上,西风带气候区ET0降低主要归因于风速的减小,陕南地区ET0下降主要归因于日照时数的减少,其它地区ET0上升的主要原因是气温的增加。