油菜菌核病菌生理生态研究

通过试验分析,结果得出,油菜菌核病菌生长温度范围在0～34℃之间,23℃以下菌丝生长速度与温度呈正相关,25℃以上则呈负相关,23～25℃最适宜,菌丝和菌核致死温度分别为45℃和75℃．该菌对酸碱度适应范围很广,PH1～14范围内只在PH_1条件下不能生长,其最适PH值为5～6。病菌利用铵态氮源能力最强,硝态氮源次之,不能利用亚硝态氮;对氨基酸利用能力以精氨酸最强,其次是酪氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸,赖氨酸最差。植株内精氨酸和赖氨酸比值大的白菜型油菜“黄鳝籽”病情扩展最快。     

油菜菌核病危害损失的初步研究

本文就油菜菌核病病情、发病期及发病部位与油菜产量损失的相互关系进行了模似研究。结果表明：病斑绕茎度是影响产量的主要因素,其大小与产量损失成正相关,而病斑纵向长度与产量损失无明显相关性;发病期不同产量差异显著,以初花期发病产量损失最重,发病期与产量损失线性相关,可利用线性回归方程对产量损失进行预测;主茎发病部位愈近基部,枝条发病部位愈趋于主茎,单株产量损失率愈高。     

“黄鳝籽”油菜植株内含物与菌核病扩展的关系

通过对中、高两种肥力下“黄鳝籽”油菜植株内含物与菌核病扩展间关系的研究,建立了12个数字模型．说明高肥田油菜病斑长、宽和面积与含水量及水溶性糖密切相关;其次是精氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和组氨酸;中肥田油菜病斑长、宽和面积与精氨酸、天门冬氨酸密切相关;其次是水溶性糖、水溶性蛋白和硬脂酸．高、中肥田同株主茎上、下部病斑及不同株同一部位病斑扩展动态均无明显差异．     

Involvement of human basal ganglia in offline feedback control of voluntary movement

Practice makes perfect, but the neural substrates of trial-to-trial learning in motor tasks remain unclear. There is some evidence that the basal ganglia process feedback-related information to modify learning in essentially cognitive tasks , but the evidence that these key motor structures are involved in offline feedback-related improvement of performance in motor tasks is paradoxically limited. Lesion studies in adult zebra finches suggest that the avian basal ganglia are involved in the transmission or production of an error signal during song . However, patients with Huntington's disease, in which there is prominent basal ganglia dysfunction, are not impaired in error-dependent modulation of future trial performance . By directly recording from the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease, we demonstrate that this nucleus processes error in trial performance at short latency. Local evoked activity is greatest in response to smallest errors and influences the programming of subsequent movements. Accordingly, motor parameters are least likely to change after the greatest evoked responses so that accurately performed trials tend to precede other accurate trials. This relationship is disrupted by electrical stimulation of the nucleus at high frequency. Thus, the human subthalamic nucleus is involved in feedback-based learning.     

Modulation by dopamine of human basal ganglia involvement in feedback control of movement

We learn new motor tasks by trial and error, repeating what works best and avoiding past mistakes. To repeat what works best we must register a satisfactory outcome, and in a study [1] we showed the existence of an evoked activity in the basal ganglia that correlates with accuracy of task performance and is associated with reiteration of successful motor parameters in subsequent movements. Here we report evidence that the signaling of positive trial outcome relies on dopaminergic input to the basal ganglia, by recording from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with nigrostriatal denervation due to Parkinson's Disease (PD) who have undergone functional neurosurgery. Correlations between subthalamic evoked activities and trial accuracy were weak and behavioral performance remained poor while patients were untreated; however, both improved after the dopamine prodrug levodopa was re-introduced. The results suggest that the midbrain dopaminergic system may be important, not only in signaling explicit positive outcomes or rewards in tasks requiring choices between options [2,3], but also in trial-to-trial learning and in reinforcing the selection of optimal parameters in more automatic motor control.     

Molecular mechanism underlying modulation of TRPV1 heat activation by polyols

Sensing noxiously high temperatures is crucial for living organisms to avoid heat-induced injury. The TRPV1 channel has long been known as a sensor for noxious heat. However, the mechanism of how this channel is activated by heat remains elusive. Here we found that a series of polyols including sucrose, sorbitol, and hyaluronan significantly elevate the heat activation threshold temperature of TRPV1. The modulatory effects of these polyols were only observed when they were perfused extracellularly. Interestingly, mutation of residues E601 and E649 in the outer pore region of TRPV1 largely abolished the effects of these polyols. We further observed that intraplantar injection of polyols into the hind paws of rats reduced their heat-induced pain response. Our observations not only suggest that the extracellular regions of TRPV1 are critical for the modulation of heat activation by polyols, but also indicate a potential role of polyols in reducing heat-induced pain sensation.