排序方式: 共有23条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
We sought to determine whether the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, is involved in the intrinsic regulation of food choice in rats. Ghrelin would seem suited to serve such a role given that it signals hunger information from the stomach to brain areas important for feeding control, including the hypothalamus and reward system (e.g. ventral tegmental area, VTA). Thus, in rats offered a choice of palatable foods (sucrose pellets and lard) superimposed on regular chow for 2 weeks, we explored whether acute central delivery of ghrelin (intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intra-VTA) is able to redirect their dietary choice. The major unexpected finding is that, in rats with high baseline lard intake, acute ICV ghrelin injection increased their chow intake over 3-fold, relative to vehicle-injected controls, measured at both 3 hr and 6 hr after injection. Similar effects were observed when ghrelin was delivered to the VTA, thereby identifying the VTA as a likely contributing neurobiological substrate for these effects. We also explored food choice after an overnight fast, when endogenous ghrelin levels are elevated, and found similar effects of dietary choice to those described for ghrelin. These effects of fasting on food choice were suppressed in models of suppressed ghrelin signaling (i.e. peripheral injection of a ghrelin receptor antagonist to rats and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) knock-out mice), implicating a role for endogenous ghrelin in the changes in food choice that occur after an overnight fast. Thus, in line with its role as a gut-brain hunger hormone, ghrelin appears to be able to acutely alter food choice, with notable effects to promote “healthy” chow intake, and identify the VTA as a likely contributing neurobiological substrate for these effects. 相似文献
2.
3.
A W van den Wall Bake K P Black R Kulhavy J Mestecky S Jackson 《Cellular immunology》1992,144(2):417-428
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) has potent immunoregulatory effects acting on both T and B cells. It strongly inhibits secretion of IgG and IgM in human and murine B cell cultures, but has been shown to have an enhancing effect on IgA production in the mouse. We have studied the effect of TGF beta on the production of IgA in human lymphocyte cultures. The addition of TGF beta to pokeweed-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes resulted in a suppression of IgA production of both subclasses, similar in magnitude to the suppression of IgG and IgM production. Membrane IgA expression was not increased by culturing tonsillar lymphocytes with TGF beta. In conclusion, we find no evidence for a selective enhancing effect of TGF beta on IgA synthesis in humans, in contrast to the findings reported in mice. 相似文献
4.
5.
Varghese S Shameena B Oommen OV 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2001,129(1):165-171
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) play an important role in the detoxification of many substances including allelochemicals from plants. Brassicaceae plants contain glucosinolates and emit volatile isothiocyanates which affect the GST system. A comparison of the GST of two aphid species, the generalist Aulacorthum solani found on Brassicaceae and the Fabaceae specialist Acyrthosiphon pisum, was made to try to explain their respective feeding behaviour. Differences of GST were determined among the two aphid species based on purification by affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and on kinetic studies. Purification yields using an epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B column were highly different for the two aphid species (18% and 34% for A. solani and A. pisum, respectively). These variations were confirmed by SDS-PAGE. While only a 27-kDa band was observed for A. pisum, two bands of approximately 25-kDa were visualized for the generalist aphid, A. solani. Considering the kinetic results, differences of Km and Vmax were observed following the aphid species when a range of substrates (CDNB and DCNB) and GSH concentrations were tested. Studies on the detoxification enzymes of generalist and specialist herbivores would be undertaken to determine accurately the effect of the host plant on the organisms eating them, particularly in terms of biochemical and ecological advantages. 相似文献
6.
Varghese S Shameena B Lakshmy PS Biju MP Easwar Shankar PN Paulose CS Oommen OV 《Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics》2001,38(5):327-330
The effects of feeding of 6-propylthiouracil (6-PTU) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) independently and in combination and administration (ip) of a single dose of triiodothyronine (T3) (2.5 microg/100 g body wt) along with feeding of 6-PTU and PUFA were studied in rat brain. Dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) contents were assayed in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex regions. It was found that 6-PTU feeding resulted in decrease in dopamine, 5-HT, 5-HTP and 5-HIAA in both regions. In animals fed with PUFA followed by administration of T3, the DA level was found normal. 相似文献
7.
Mona L?rstad Ann-Charlotte Almstrand Per Larsson Bj?rn Bake Sven Larsson Evert Ljungstr?m Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya Anna-Carin Olin 《PloS one》2015,10(12)
Background
Exhaled, endogenous particles are formed from the epithelial lining fluid in small airways, where surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in pulmonary host defense. Based on the knowledge that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) starts in the small airway epithelium, we hypothesized that chronic inflammation modulates peripheral exhaled particle SP-A and albumin levels. The main objective of this explorative study was to compare the SP-A and albumin contents in exhaled particles from patients with COPD and healthy subjects and to determine exhaled particle number concentrations.Methods
Patients with stable COPD ranging from moderate to very severe (n = 13), and healthy non-smoking subjects (n = 12) were studied. Subjects performed repeated breath maneuvers allowing for airway closure and re-opening, and exhaled particles were optically counted and collected on a membrane using the novel PExA® instrument setup. Immunoassays were used to quantify SP-A and albumin.Results
COPD patients exhibited significantly lower SP-A mass content of the exhaled particles (2.7 vs. 3.9 weight percent, p = 0.036) and lower particle number concentration (p<0.0001) than healthy subjects. Albumin mass contents were similar for both groups.Conclusions
Decreased levels of SP-A may lead to impaired host defense functions of surfactant in the airways, contributing to increased susceptibility to COPD exacerbations. SP-A in exhaled particles from small airways may represent a promising non-invasive biomarker of disease in COPD patients. 相似文献8.
Orru M Bakešová J Brugarolas M Quiroz C Beaumont V Goldberg SR Lluís C Cortés A Franco R Casadó V Canela EI Ferré S 《PloS one》2011,6(1):e16088
Striatal adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) are highly expressed in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect efferent pathway, where they heteromerize with dopamine D(2) receptors (D(2)Rs). A(2A)Rs are also localized presynaptically in cortico-striatal glutamatergic terminals contacting MSNs of the direct efferent pathway, where they heteromerize with adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)Rs). It has been hypothesized that postsynaptic A(2A)R antagonists should be useful in Parkinson's disease, while presynaptic A(2A)R antagonists could be beneficial in dyskinetic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorders and drug addiction. The aim or this work was to determine whether selective A(2A)R antagonists may be subdivided according to a preferential pre- versus postsynaptic mechanism of action. The potency at blocking the motor output and striatal glutamate release induced by cortical electrical stimulation and the potency at inducing locomotor activation were used as in vivo measures of pre- and postsynaptic activities, respectively. SCH-442416 and KW-6002 showed a significant preferential pre- and postsynaptic profile, respectively, while the other tested compounds (MSX-2, SCH-420814, ZM-241385 and SCH-58261) showed no clear preference. Radioligand-binding experiments were performed in cells expressing A(2A)R-D(2)R and A(1)R-A(2A)R heteromers to determine possible differences in the affinity of these compounds for different A(2A)R heteromers. Heteromerization played a key role in the presynaptic profile of SCH-442416, since it bound with much less affinity to A(2A)R when co-expressed with D(2)R than with A(1)R. KW-6002 showed the best relative affinity for A(2A)R co-expressed with D(2)R than co-expressed with A(1)R, which can at least partially explain the postsynaptic profile of this compound. Also, the in vitro pharmacological profile of MSX-2, SCH-420814, ZM-241385 and SCH-58261 was is in accordance with their mixed pre- and postsynaptic profile. On the basis of their preferential pre- versus postsynaptic actions, SCH-442416 and KW-6002 may be used as lead compounds to obtain more effective antidyskinetic and antiparkinsonian compounds, respectively. 相似文献
9.
10.
Joseph D. Tingling Shameena Bake Rhonda Holgate Jeremy Rawlings Phillips P. Nagsuk Jayashree Chandrasekharan Sarah L. Schneider Rajesh C. Miranda 《PloS one》2013,8(7)