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1.
We have evaluated codon usage bias in Drosophila histone genes and have
obtained the nucleotide sequence of a 5,161-bp D. hydei histone gene repeat
unit. This repeat contains genes for all five histone proteins (H1, H2a,
H2b, H3, and H4) and differs from the previously reported one by a second
EcoRI site. These D. hydei repeats have been aligned to each other and to
the 5.0-kb (i.e., long) and 4.8-kb (i.e., short) histone repeat types from
D. melanogaster. In each species, base composition at synonymous sites is
similar to the average genomic composition and approaches that in the small
intergenic spacers of the histone gene repeats. Accumulation of synonymous
changes at synonymous sites after the species diverged is quite high. Both
of these features are consistent with the relatively low codon usage bias
observed in these genes when compared with other Drosophila genes. Thus,
the generalization that abundantly expressed genes in Drosophila have high
codon bias and low rates of silent substitution does not hold for the
histone genes.
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3.
Kazunori Yamahira Satoshi Ansai Ryo Kakioka Hajime Yaguchi Takeshi Kon Javier Montenegro Hirozumi Kobayashi Shingo Fujimoto Ryosuke Kimura Yusuke Takehana Davin H. E. Setiamarga Yasuoki Takami Rieko Tanaka Ken Maeda Hau D. Tran Noriyuki Koizumi Shinsuke Morioka Vongvichith Bounsong Katsutoshi Watanabe Prachya Musikasinthorn Sein Tun L. K. C. Yun Kawilarang W. A. Masengi V. K. Anoop Rajeev Raghavan Jun Kitano 《Biology letters》2021,17(8)
The Indian subcontinent has an origin geologically different from Eurasia, but many terrestrial animal and plant species on it have congeneric or sister species in other parts of Asia, especially in the Southeast. This faunal and floral similarity between India and Southeast Asia is explained by either of the two biogeographic scenarios, ‘into-India’ or ‘out-of-India’. Phylogenies based on complete mitochondrial genomes and five nuclear genes were undertaken for ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) to examine which of these two biogeographic scenarios fits better. We found that Oryzias setnai, the only adrianichthyid distributed in and endemic to the Western Ghats, a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of the Indian subcontinent, is sister to all other adrianichthyids from eastern India and Southeast–East Asia. Divergence time estimates and ancestral area reconstructions reveal that this western Indian species diverged in the late Mesozoic during the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. These findings indicate that adrianichthyids dispersed eastward ‘out-of-India’ after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia, and subsequently diversified in Southeast–East Asia. A review of geographic distributions of ‘out-of-India’ taxa reveals that they may have largely fuelled or modified the biodiversity of Eurasia. 相似文献
4.
The pelvic fins of teleosts are paired appendages that are considered to be homologous to the hind limbs of tetrapods. Because they are less important for swimming, their morphology and function can be flexibly modified, and such modifications have probably facilitated the adaptations of teleosts to various environments. Recently, among these modifications, pelvic-fin loss has gained attention in evolutionary developmental biology. Pelvic-fin loss, however, has only been investigated in a few model species, and various biological aspects of pelvic fins in teleosts in general remain poorly understood. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding pelvic fins, such as their structure, function and evolution, to elucidate their contribution to the considerable diversity of teleosts. This information could be invaluable for future investigations into various aspects of pelvic fins, which will provide clues to understanding the evolution, diversity and adaptations of teleosts. 相似文献
5.
Fucose is a major constituent of the protein- and lipid-linked glycans of
the various life-cycle stages of schistosomes. These fucosylated glycans
are highly antigenic and seem to play a role in the pathology of
schistosomiasis. In this article we describe the identification and
characterization of two fucosyltransferases (FucTs) in cercariae of the
avian schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata, a GDP-Fuc:[Galbeta1--
>4]GlcNAcbeta-R alpha1-->3-FucT and a novel GDP-Fuc:Fucalpha-R
alpha1-- >2-FucT. Triton X-100 extracts of cercariae were assayed for
FucT activity using a variety of acceptor substrates. Type 1 chain
(Galbeta1- ->3GlcNAc) based compounds were poor acceptors, whereas those
based on a type 2 chain (Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc), whether
alpha2'-fucosylated, alpha3'-sialylated, or unsubstituted, and whether
present as oligosaccharide or contained in a glycopeptide or glycoprotein,
all served as acceptor substrates. In this respect the schistosomal alpha3-
FucT resembles human FucT V and VI rather than other known FucTs. N-
ethylmaleimide, an inhibitor of several human FucTs, had no effect on the
activity of the schistosomal alpha3-FucT, whereas GDP-beta-S was strongly
inhibitory. Large scale incubations were carried out with
Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc, GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta-O -(CH2)8COOCH3 and
Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAcbeta1-->2Man as acceptor substrates and the
products of the incubations were isolated using a sequence of
chromatographic techniques. By methylation analysis and 2D-TOCSY and
ROESY1H-NMR spectroscopy the products formed were shown to be Galbeta1--
>4[Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAc,
GalNAcbeta1-->4[Fucalpha1-- >2Fucalpha1-->3]GlcNAcbe
ta-O-(CH2)8COOCH3, and Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1--
>3GlcNAcbeta1-->2Man, respectively. It is concluded that the alpha2-
FucT and alpha3-FucT are involved in the biosynthesis of the (oligomeric)
Lewisx sequences and the Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAc structural
element that have been described on schistosomal glycoconjugates.
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6.
Acceptor specificity of the human leukocyte alpha3 fucosyltransferase: role of FucT-VII in the generation of selectin ligands 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Britten CJ; van den Eijnden DH; McDowell W; Kelly VA; Witham SJ; Edbrooke MR; Bird MI; de Vries T; Smithers N 《Glycobiology》1998,8(4):321-327
The alpha3 fucosyltransferase, FucT-VII, is one of the key
glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the sialyl Lewis X
(sLex) antigen on human leukocytes. The sialyl Lewis X antigen
(NeuAcalpha(2-3)Galbeta(1-4)[Fucalpha(1-3)]GlcNAc-R) is an essential
component of the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation,
mediating the primary interaction between circulating leukocytes and
activated endothelium. In order to characterize the enzymatic properties of
the leukocyte alpha3 fucosyltransferase FucT-VII, the enzyme has been
expressed in Trichoplusia ni insect cells. The enzyme is capable of
synthesizing both sLexand sialyl-dimeric-Lexstructures in vitro , from
3'-sialyl-lacNAc and VIM-2 structures, respectively, with only low levels
of fucose transfer observed to neutral or 3'-sulfated acceptors. Studies
using fucosylated NeuAcalpha(2-3)-(Galbeta(1- 4)GlcNAc)3-Me acceptors
demonstrate that FucT-VII is able to synthesize both di-fucosylated and
tri-fucosylated structures from mono- fucosylated precursors, but
preferentially fucosylates the distal GlcNAc within a polylactosamine
chain. Furthermore, the rate of fucosylation of the internal GlcNAc
residues is reduced once fucose has been added to the distal GlcNAc. These
results indicate that FucT-VII is capable of generating complex selectin
ligands, in vitro , however the order of fucose addition to the lactosamine
chain affects the rate of selectin ligand synthesis.
相似文献
7.
We have identified a novel N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity in
lactating bovine mammary gland membranes. Acceptor specificity studies and
analysis of products obtained in vitro by 400 MHz1H-NMR spectroscopy
revealed that the enzyme catalyses the transfer of N - acetylgalactosamine
(GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to acceptor substrates carrying a terminal,
beta-linked N -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue and establishes a
beta1-->4-linkage forming a GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAc ( N, N
'-diacetyllactosediamine, lacdiNAc) unit. Therefore, the enzyme can be
identified as a UDP-GalNAc:GlcNAcbeta-R beta1-->4-N-
acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (beta4-GalNAcT). This enzyme resembles
invertebrate beta4-GalNAcT as well as mammalian beta4-
galactosyltransferase (beta4-GalT) in acceptor specificity. It can,
however, be clearly distinguished from the pituitary hormone-specific
beta4-GalNAcT by its incapability of acting with an elevated activity on a
glycoprotein substrate carrying a hormone-specific peptide motif.
Furthermore, the GalNAcT activity appeared not to be due to a promiscuous
action of a beta4-GalT as could be demonstrated by comparing the
beta4-GalNAcT and beta4-GalT activities of the mammary gland, bovine
colostrum, and purified beta4-GalT, by competition studies with UDP-GalNAc
and UDP-Gal, and by use of an anti-beta4-GalT polyclonal inhibiting
antibody. Interestingly, under conditions where mammalian beta4-GalT forms
with alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) the lactose synthase complex, the mammary
gland beta4-GalNAcT was similarly induced by alpha-LA to act on Glc with an
increased efficiency yielding the lactose analog GalNAcbeta1-->4Glc.
This enzyme thus forms the second example of a mammalian
glycosyltransferase the specificity of which can be modified by this milk
protein. It is proposed that the mammary gland beta4-GalNAcT functions in
the synthesis of lacdiNAc- based, complex-type glycans frequently occurring
on bovine milk glycoproteins. The action of this enzyme is to be considered
when aiming at the production of properly glycosylated protein
biopharmaceuticals in the milk of transgenic dairy animals.
相似文献
8.
Demian Koop Linda Z. Holland Davin Setiamarga Michael Schubert Nicholas D. Holland 《Evolution & development》2011,13(5):427-435
The vitamin A derived morphogen retinoic acid (RA) is known to function in the regulation of tissue proliferation and differentiation. Here, we show that exogenous RA applied to late larvae of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus can reverse some differentiated states. Although treatment with the RA antagonist BMS009 has no obvious effect on late larvae of amphioxus, administration of excess RA alters the morphology of the posterior end of the body. The anus closes over, and gut contents accumulate in the hindgut. In addition, the larval tail fin regresses, although little apoptosis takes place. This fin normally consists of columnar epidermal cells, each characterized by a ciliary rootlet running all the way from an apical centriole to the base of the cell and likely contributing substantial cytoskeletal support. After a few days of RA treatment, the rootlet becomes disrupted, and the cell shape changes from columnar to cuboidal. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows fragments of the rootlet in the basal cytoplasm of the cuboidal cell. A major component of the ciliary rootlet in amphioxus is the protein Rootletin, which is encoded by a single AmphiRootletin gene. This gene is highly expressed in the tail epithelial cells of control larvae, but becomes downregulated after about a day of RA treatment, and the breakup of the ciliary rootlet soon follows. The effect of excess RA on these epidermal cells of the larval tail in amphioxus is unlike posterior regression in developing zebrafish, where elevated RA signaling alters connective tissues of mesodermal origin. In contrast, however, the RA‐induced closure of the amphioxus anus has parallels in the RA‐induced caudal regression syndrome of mammals. 相似文献
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Hojo M Takashima S Kobayashi D Sumeragi A Shimada A Tsukahara T Yokoi H Narita T Jindo T Kage T Kitagawa T Kimura T Sekimizu K Miyake A Setiamarga D Murakami R Tsuda S Ooki S Kakihara K Naruse K Takeda H 《Development, growth & differentiation》2007,49(5):395-405
Recent studies have revealed that a cilium-generated liquid flow in the node has a crucial role in the establishment of the left-right (LR) axis in the mouse. In fish, Kupffer's vesicle (KV), a teleost-specific spherical organ attached to the tail region, is known to have an equivalent role to the mouse node during LR axis formation. However, at present, there has been no report of an asymmetric gene expressed in KV under the control of fluid flow. Here we report the earliest asymmetric gene in teleost KV, medaka charon, and its regulation. Charon is a member of the Cerberus/DAN family of proteins, first identified in zebrafish. Although zebrafish charon was reported to be symmetrically expressed in KV, medaka charon displays asymmetric expression with more intense expression on the right side. This asymmetric expression was found to be regulated by KV flow because symmetric and up-regulated charon expression was observed in flow-defective embryos with immotile cilia or disrupted KV. Taken together, medaka charon is a reliable gene marker for LR asymmetry in KV and thus, will be useful for the analysis of the early steps downstream of the fluid flow. 相似文献